unit 3 launching the new nation. george washington – precedent setter washington was the...
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Unit 3Launching the New Nation
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George Washington – precedent setter
Washington was the unanimous choice
Strong national leader, war hero, respected by all
Reluctantly leaves Mt. Vernon 1789 for NY to take the oath of office
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Washington’s Sense of Duty Washington’s task – create an entirely NEW
gov that works
“I bade adieu (farewell) to Mt. Vernon, to private life, and to domestic felicity (happiness); and with a mind oppressed with more anxious and painful sensations then I have words to express, set out for New York….with the best dispositions (intentions) to render service to my country in obedience to its call…”
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NO precedent or prior example
So many decisions to make Everything new
“We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us.”
James Madison
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Judiciary Act of 1789 Creates a judicial structure that has remained today
Supreme Court
Federal circuit and district courts
Federal law is “the supreme law of the land” (supersedes state law)
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Washington Shapes the Executive
When Washington takes office - Exec consisted of only the Pres and VP (John Adams)
Congress creates the Cabinet – the President’s chief advisors Dept of State – foreign affairs – Thomas Jefferson Dept of War – military matters – Henry Knox Dept of Treasury – finances – Alexander Hamilton
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Hamilton Versus Jefferson
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Hamilton – had little faith in the common citizen and sided with interests with upper class Americans. More popular in North
Jefferson – even though he came from a privileged background, Jefferson was a strong ally of the small farmer and average citizen. More popular in the South and in rural areas.
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Hamilton’s Economic Plan
Debt from Rev War (millions of dollars) – owed to foreign gov, private citizens, and soldiers who served in war
Hamilton proposes that the fed gov assume the state’s debts
AH reasons – that will give creditors an incentive to support the federal gov
Angers the South because many Southern states had already paid off their debts
Bank of the United States – national bank – funded by federal gov and wealthy private investors Bank would issue money, handle tax receipts, and other gov
funds
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Controversy - Bank of the United States
Opponents (Jefferson and Madison) Bank would forge unhealthy alliance
between gov and wealthy business interests Congress doesn’t have right to create bank
(strict or loose interpretation?)
Hamilton = loose - Elastic clause?? – gives Congress right to do whatever is “necessary and proper”
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Washington DC – Compromise for the Bank
To win support for his debt plan from the South, Hamilton offers to move the capital from NYC to a new city in the South on the banks of the Potomac River.
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First Political PartiesTwo Party System
Washington feared and warned again political parties – saw them as a danger to national unity
Central issue = power and size of the federal gov in relation to state and local gov
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Whiskey Rebellion Protective tariff – an import tax on goods produced in
Europe Hamilton also passes excise tax – on whiskey (tax on
the manufacture, sale or distribution of whiskey)
Small corn farmers in W. PA are furious – 1794 – refuse to pay the tax, beat up federal marshals, and threaten to secede from union
Fed gov calls up militia – Hamilton accompanies them all the way to PA – put down the rebellion and scatter the rebels without lose of a single life. Significant because shows the fed gov has sufficient power to maintain order and security.
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Foreign Policy – French Rev??
French Rev late 1780s/early 1790s Should America support the Rev? One of
the most important foreign policy questions of the young nation
Jefferson and Madison – back French Hamilton – back British
Pres Washington – 1793 – issues declaration of neutrality
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Washington’s Farewell Address Washington decides to NOT seek a 3rd term. Steps down in
1796 after 2 terms – unheard of for great leader with unlimited power to voluntarily give it up
https://www.gilderlehrman.org/multimedia#!3350
Farewell Address Urges U.S. to “steer clear of permanent alliances: with
other countries Warns against factions/political parties Warned against sectionalism as the destroyer of
national character
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Washington’s Precedents http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/george-was
hington/videos/george-washingtons-precedents
Established the Cabinet 2 term limit (followed until FDR) Established relations with Great Britain (Jay’s
Treaty) – to this day England is our greatest ally
Policy of neutrality pertaining to foreign wars (followed until WW I)
Tradition of a Farewell Address
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John Adams – wins election 1796
Adams had an impatient, opinionated personality – many who don’t know him well perceive him as cold
Runs against Thomas Jefferson
Election shows growing sectionalism – placing interests of one region over the interests of the nation
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Adams Avoids War – XYZ Affair
After Adams takes office French gov (angry about a US treaty with Great Britain) refuses to receive the new American ambassador and begins to seize US ships bound for Britain
Adams sends 3 man delegation to France The French directory send 3 men X, Y, Z and demand a $250,000
bribe payment to meet with the French foreign minister
Wave of anti-French sentiment. Congress creates a Navy dept, creates an Army of 50,000 and calls Washington out of retirement. Official war never declared but for 2 years an unofficial naval war rages between US and French ships
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How do you contrast the cartoon’s depiction of the American representatives with the French Directory? What did the cartoonist think of the French?
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Alien and Sedition Acts 1798
Anti French feeling and suspicion of new immigrant arrivals in general
Are there French spies and agents among us?
A and S Acts Raises residence requirement for US citizenship
(5 to 14 years) Allows Pres to jail or deport any alien considered
undesirable Fines and jail time for anyone hindering the gov
or expressing “false, scandalous, and malicious statements” against the gov.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
Under the A and S Acts – Gov prosecuted and jailed many Democratic Republican editors, publishers, and politicians.
Violation of free speech and press guaranteed by 1st amendment??
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VA and KY Resolutions
Jefferson and Madison – two main Democratic Republican leaders see Alien and Sedition Acts as abuse of power by the federal gov.
Appeal to the states – series of resolutions Madison – VA Jefferson – KY Jefferson’s KY Resolution asserts principle of
nullification – do the states have the right to nullify/void/ignore any act of Congress they deem unconstitutional?
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Jefferson’s Presidency 1800-1808
Bloodless Revolution – first peaceful change of power to a new party
Jefferson simplifies the presidency Walked to his own inauguration Took off powdered wig Often worse slippers in White House No formal receptions
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Smaller gov Cut costs Reduced size of army Halted expansion of
NavyLowered expenses for
Gov social functions
Brilliant thinker Planter, architect,
lawyer, inventor, musician
Talented writer and philosopher
Founder UVA
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John Marshall Marshall –
Federalist Chief Justice of SC for 30 years
Decisions that strengthen powers of SC and gov
Marbury V. Madison and judicial review
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Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase
1803 – Napoleon offers to sale LA Purchase to the US for $15 million
Doubles the size of the U.S.
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Lewis and Clark and Sacajawea
Jefferson appoints Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead the Corps of Discovery
St. Louis to Pacific Ocean Explore, map territory,
collect info about plants, Native Americans, resources, etc.
Native American interpreter and guide - Sacajawea
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Jefferson’s Embargo France and GB fighting again
Blockade – block French ports – no goods coming in or out - Britain seizes American ships enroute to France and confiscates cargo
Impressment – GB stops American ships at sea and drafts (impresses) them into the British navy.
Jefferson’s response Embargo 1807 – banned exporting products to other countries
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What do you think was Jefferson’s reasoning behind the Embargo?
How do you think it affected Americans?
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James Madison’s Presidency Madison wins
election 1808
Another Virginian Democratic-
Republican Father of
Constitution
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War of 1812Madison – war declared against GB
Pres Madison – war declared against GB
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War of 1812
1814 – British burn the White House – Madison and other officials flee the White House
General Andrew Jackson – wins the Battle of New Orleans propels him to national fame
Treaty of Ghent Dec 1814 ends the war
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Francis Scott Key