unit 3 organic chemistry - mr. russell's...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unit 3Organic Chemistry
Chemistry 2202
![Page 2: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction
● Organic Chemistry is the study of the molecular compounds of carbon.eg. CH4 CH3OH CH3NH2
● Organic compounds exclude oxides of carbon and ions containing carbon.ie. CO CO2 KCN CaCO3
are NOT organic compounds!!
![Page 3: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
History of Organic Chemistry● Started when medicine men extracted
chemicals from plants and animals as treatments and cures
● First defined as a branch of modern science in the early 1800's by Jon Jacob Berzelius
![Page 4: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
● Berzelius believed in Vitalism - organic compounds could only originate from living organisms through the action of some vital force
● organic compounds originate in living or once-living matter
● inorganic compounds come from "mineral" or non-living matter
![Page 5: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
● In 1828, Friedrich Wöhler discovered that urea - an organic compound - could be made by heating ammonium cyanate (an inorganic compound).
NH4OCN(aq) (NH2)2CO(s)
inorganic organic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea
![Page 6: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What’s this?
(NH2) 2CO - (NH2)2CO
di-urea
![Page 7: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
● organic chemistry branched into disciplines such as polymer chemistry, pharmacology, bioengineering and petro-chemistry
● 98% of all known compounds are organic
![Page 8: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
● The huge number of organic compounds is due mainly to the ability of carbon atoms to form stable chains, branched chains, rings, branched rings, multiple rings, and multiple bonds (double and triple bonds) to itself and to many other non-metal atoms.
![Page 9: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sources of Organic Compounds
1. Carbonized Organic Matter- fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural
gas - basis for the petrochemical industry
2. Living Organisms eg: - penicillin from mold - acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) from the
bark of a willow tree
![Page 10: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
3. Invention
- antibiotics, aspirin, insulin, vanilla flavoring, and heart drugs are manufactured from organic starting materials
- plastics
![Page 11: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Structural Isomers
● Structures that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas are called structural isomers
eg. C4H10
Practice: Draw all structural isomers of C5H12 and C6H14
![Page 12: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CH3 CH2
CH2
CH3
butane
CH3
CH
CH3
CH3
2-methylpropane
![Page 13: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
They have the same molecular formula (C4H
10), but
different structural formulas. They are isomers and are different compounds and have different properties such as boiling point.
![Page 14: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Structural Isomers
● structural isomers have the same chemical formula but have different chemical and physical properties.
![Page 15: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Classifying Organic Compounds Organic
Compounds
Hydrocarbons HydrocarbonDerivatives
• Alcohols• Ethers• Aldehydes• Ketones• Carboxylic Acids• Alkyl Halides• Esters• Amines• Amides
Aliphatic
AlkAnes
AlkEnes
AlkYnes
Aromatic (benzene based)
![Page 16: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
● hydrocarbons consist of carbon
and hydrogen atoms only
eg. Methane - CH4 ● hydrocarbon derivatives have one or
more hydrogen atoms replaced by another nonmetallic atom
eg. bromomethane - CH3Br
methanol - CH3OH
![Page 17: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
● aliphatic hydrocarbons have carbon atoms bonded in chains or rings with only single, double, or triple bonds
● aromatic hydrocarbons contain at least one 6 carbon benzene ring
![Page 18: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Organic Worksheet #1
![Page 19: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
1. Alkanes● Alkanes are hydrocarbons that have only
single bonds between carbon atoms
● general formula CnH2n+2
eg. C3H8 C6H14
![Page 20: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
IUPAC prefixes
Prefix # of carbon atoms
meth 1
eth 2
prop 3
but 4
pent 5
hex 6
hept 7
oct 8
non 9
dec 10
![Page 21: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Complete this table for the first
10 alkanes
methane CH4
ethane
propane
![Page 22: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
methane CH4
ethane C2H
6
propane C3H
8
butane C4H
10
pentane C5H
12
hexane C6H
14
heptane C7H
16
octane C8H
18
nonane C9H
20
decane C10
H22
![Page 23: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
● A series of compounds which differ by the same structural unit is called a homologous series
eg. each alkane increases by CH2
What is the next member of this homologous series?
SiO2Si2O3 Si3O4 _____
![Page 24: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Representing Alkanes (4 ways)
1. Structural formulas
eg. propane
H – C – C – C – H
HHH
HHH
![Page 25: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
● Hydrogen atoms may be omitted from structural formulas
eg. propane
– C – C – C –
![Page 26: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2. Condensed Structural Formula
eg. propaneCH3-CH2-CH3
![Page 27: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
3. Line Structural Diagrams
eg: propane
(the endpoint of each segment is a carbon atom)
![Page 28: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
4. Expanded Molecular Formulas
eg. propane
CH3CH2CH3
![Page 29: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
● An alkyl group has one less hydrogen than an alkane.
● General Formula: CnH2n + 1
● To name an alkyl group, use the prefix to indicate the # of carbon atoms followed by the suffix –yl
eg. -C7H15 heptyl
Alkyl Groups
![Page 31: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Alkyl Groups
methyl -CH3
ethyl -C2H5 or -CH2CH3
propyl -C3H7 or -CH2CH2CH3
![Page 32: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
● Branched alkanes are alkanes that contain one or more alkyl groups
eg.
Alkyl Groups
2,4 - dimethylpentane
![Page 33: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
1. Find the longest continuous chain (LCC) of carbons(parent chain) and give it the alkane name.
2. Number the carbons in the parent chain starting from the end closest to branching. These numbers will indicate the location of alkyl groups.
Naming Branched Alkanes
![Page 34: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Naming Branched Alkanes
3. List the alkyl groups in alphabetical order. Use Latin prefixes if an alkyl group occurs more than once. (di = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, etc. don't count for alphabetical order)
4. Use a number to show the location of each alkyl group on the parent.
![Page 35: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
5. Use commas to separate numbers, and hyphens to separate numbers and letters.
Naming Branched Alkanes
![Page 36: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
eg.
4-ethyl-3-methylheptane
Naming Branched Alkanes
![Page 37: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
eg.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ethyl
methyl
4-ethyl-3-methylheptane
Naming Branched Alkanes
![Page 38: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
CH3
CH2
C CH2 CH2 C
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
![Page 39: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
CH3
CH2
C CH2 CH2 C
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
3,3,6,6-tetramethyloctane
![Page 40: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Practice:● p. 336 - 339 #’s 5 – 11
(Answers on p. 375)
Naming Branched Alkanes
![Page 41: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
CH3 CH2 CH
CH2 CH CH2
CH CH3
CH2CH3CH3
CH2 CH3
4,6-diethyl-2-methyloctaneParent chain: Octane2-methyl4,6-diethyl
12
34
5
6
78
![Page 42: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
CH3 CH2 CH CH3
CHCH3 CH
CH3
CH2
CH
CH2 CH3
CH2CH2
CH3
CH3 CH
CH3
C
CH3
CH2 CH3
CH
CH2 CH2 CH3
CH2
CH2 CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH
CH2 CH2 CH3
CH
CH2 CH2 CH3
CH2 CH CH3
CH3
![Page 43: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
7-ethyl-3,4,5-trimethyldecane
3-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-4-propylheptane
2-methyl-4,5-dipropyloctane
![Page 44: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
3-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane
3 – ethyl – 5 – methyl – 4,4 - dipropylnonane
![Page 45: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
CH3 C
CH3
CH3
CH
CH2 CH3
CH2 CH2 CH3
CH3 CH2 CH
CH2 CH3
C
CH2 CH2 CH3
CH2 CH2CH3
CH
CH3
CH2 CH2CH2
CH3
![Page 46: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Organic Worksheet #2
![Page 47: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Alkenes and Alkynes
● saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbon atoms
eg. alkanes● saturated hydrocarbons have the
maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms
![Page 48: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Alkenes and Alkynes
● unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds between carbon atoms
eg. alkenes and alkynes
![Page 49: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Alkenes and Alkynes
● General Formulas:
– AlkenesCnH2n
– Alkynes CnH2n - 2
At least one double bond
At least one triple bond
![Page 50: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
1. Name the longest continuous chain that contains the double/triple bond.
2. Use the smallest possible number to indicate the position of the double or triple bond.
![Page 51: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
3. Branches are named using the same rules for alkanes.
4. Number the branches starting at the same end used to number the multiple bond.
![Page 52: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
For you to do!!
Pg. 347 #'s: 17, 18, 19
Worksheet #3: Alkenes and alkynes
![Page 53: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Cyclic Hydrocarbons
Cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes
![Page 54: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
cyclopentane
methyl
ethyl
1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane
3-ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane
1
2
3
![Page 60: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
methyl
1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclohexane
![Page 61: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Practice
Pg. 356 – 358 Pg. 358 #'s: 30-31
Worksheet #4
![Page 62: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Aromatic Compounds
● Aromatic hydrocarbons contain at least one benzene ring.
● The formula for benzene, C6H6 , was determined by Michael Faraday in 1825.
● The structural formula was determined by August Kekulé in 1865.
![Page 63: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Aromatic Compounds
Proposed formula:
![Page 64: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Conflicting Evidence
● C=C double bonds are shorter than C-C single bonds. X-ray crystallography shows that all C-C bonds in benzene are the same length.
● Benzene reacts like an alkane, not like an alkene.
![Page 65: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Modified structure
● Kekulé proposed a resonance structure for benzene.
● The resonance structure is an average of the electron distributions.
![Page 66: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Aromatic Compounds
or
6 electrons shared6 carbon
atoms
![Page 67: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Aromatic Compounds
● bonding electrons, once believed to be in double bonds, are delocalized and shared equally over the 6 carbon atoms
● the bonds in benzene are like “1½” bonds – somewhere between single and double.
![Page 68: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Naming Aromatic Compounds● an alkyl benzene has one or more H
atoms replaced by an alkyl group.● name the alkyl groups, using numbers
where necessary, followed by the word benzene.
![Page 69: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Aromatic Compounds
methylbenzene
propylbenzene
ethylbenzene
![Page 70: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Aromatic Compounds
1,3-dimethylbenzene
1,4-dimethylbenzene
1,2-dimethylbenzene
![Page 71: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Aromatic Compounds
● ortho- means positions 1 and 2 and is represented by "o"
● meta- means positions 1 and 3 and is represented by "m"
● para- means positions 1 and 4 and is represented by "p"
![Page 72: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Aromatic Compounds
m-dimethylbenzene
p-dimethylbenzene
o-dimethylbenzene
![Page 73: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Aromatic Compounds
● Benzene is treated as a branch if it is not attached to the terminal carbon of an alkyl group
● Benzene as a branch is called phenyl
![Page 74: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Aromatic Compounds
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH3CHCH3
propylbenzene2-phenylpropane
![Page 75: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Aromatic Compounds
CH3CHCHCH2CH2CH3
CH2CH3
3 – ethyl – 2 – phenylhexane
![Page 76: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Aromatic Compounds
● Pg. 361 #’s 32 – 35
![Page 77: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Geometric Isomers● Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different geometry of bonds
● Two types of shapes● Cis and Trans isomers● Cis – groups on the same side of the double bond
● Trans – groups on different sides of the double bond
● Cis/Trans written as part of the name● Ex: cis-2-butene or trans-2-butene
![Page 78: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
cis and trans isomers (p. 348)
![Page 79: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
cis and trans isomers (p. 348)
![Page 80: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
![Page 81: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Properties of aliphatic hydrocarbons
● Because they are nonpolar, all hydrocarbons are insoluble in polar water.
● The boiling/melting point of alkanes is somewhat higher than alkenes but lower than alkynes.
● As the number of atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule increases, the boiling/melting point increases.
![Page 82: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Hydrocarbon Production● Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.● Hydrocarbons are extracted from the ground at
well sites, then processed at refineries.● Fractional Distillation is a process used to
separate petroleum into its hydrocarbon components.
● This process relies on the different boiling points of each hydrocarbon.
![Page 85: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
substances with the highestboiling points condense closer to the bottom
![Page 86: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Hydrocarbon Derivatives● Hydrocarbon Derivatives contain other
nonmetal atoms such as O, N, or halogen atoms.
● 9 types of derivatives:
(See p. 378 + ethers and organic halides)● the reactive group of atoms that gives a
family of derivatives its distinct properties is a functional group
![Page 87: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
● The general formula for a derivative is
R - functional group
where R stands for any alkyl group.
![Page 88: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
eg. ALCOHOLS R-OH
ethanol C2H5OH
propanol C3H7OH
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS R-COOH
ethanoic acid CH3COOH
propanoic acid C2H5COOH
![Page 89: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
1. Alcohols
● Have the hydroxyl functional group
General Formula: R - OH
![Page 90: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Naming Alcohols (p. 387)
● The parent alkane is the longest chain that has an -OH group
● Replace the last -e in the alkane name with
the suffix -ol.● Add a number (smallest one) to indicate the
location of the -OH group.
![Page 91: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
C OH
H
H
H
CC O
H
H
H
H
H
H
methanol
ethanol
![Page 92: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
eg. CCC O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CCC
O
H
H
HH
H
H
H
H
propanol
2-propanol
![Page 93: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
2-methyl-2-butanol
![Page 94: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Properties of Alcohols (p. 389)
● Alcohols have H-bonding which makes their mp and bp higher than the corresponding alkane.
● Polarity decreases as the # of carbon atoms increases
● Long chain alcohols are less soluble in water than short chain alcohols.
![Page 95: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Reactions of alcohols
Combustion
R-OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O
eg. Write the equation for the burning of butanol.
![Page 96: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Reactions of alcohols
Substitution
R-OH + H-X → R-X + H2O
eg. Use structural formulas to show the reaction between 2-pentanol and HBr.
![Page 97: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Reactions of alcohols
Elimination (Dehydration)
eg.
CCC OH
H
H
HHH
HH
H2SO4
CCC HHH
HH
H
+ H2O
![Page 98: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
2. Ethers
● Composed of two alkyl groups bonded to an oxygen atom.
● General Formula: R1-O-R2
● Naming ethers: p. 395– IUPAC name– Common name
![Page 99: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
O C C
H
H
H
H
H
CH
H
H
O C C C C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CCC
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
1-methoxyethane or ethyl methyl ether
1-propoxybutane or butyl propyl ether
![Page 100: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
O C C
H
H
H
H
H
CC
H
H
H
H
H
P. 395, 396 #’s 20 – 23
Worksheet: Ethers
1-ethoxyethane or diethy ether
![Page 101: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
3. Aldehydes (p. 402)
● Contain a carbonyl functional group at the end of a carbon chain.
General Formula:=
HR-C
O
![Page 102: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Naming:● Use the alkane name for the longest
continuous chain.● Remove the –e and add the suffix –
aleg.
butane →butanal
CCCC O
HH
H
H
H
H
H
H
![Page 103: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
2,3 - dimethylpentanal
3 – ethyl – 3 - methylhexanal
![Page 104: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
4. Ketones (p. 402)
● Contain a carbonyl functional group in the ‘middle’ of a carbon chain.
ie. NOT on carbon #1
General Formula: =O
- R2R1-C
![Page 105: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Naming:● Use the alkane name for the longest
continuous chain.● Replace the –e with the suffix –one● Use the smallest possible number for the
position of the C=O group.
![Page 106: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
CCCC
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CCCCC
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
2 – butanone & 2 - pentanone
![Page 107: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
3 – fluoro – 4 – methyl – 2 - hexanone
![Page 108: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
5. Carboxylic Acids (p. 405)
Contain a carboxyl functional group
ie. -COOH
General Formula:
=O
- OHR1-C
![Page 109: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
● The “C” of COOH is always #1● Find longest chain with COOH● Drop the “e” of alkane name and replace with “oic” acid● Don't need to use 1 in naming for COOH place● Branching is same as always
3 – ethyl – 3 – methylpentanoic acid
![Page 110: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
CCC OH
OH
H
H
H
H
C C C CO
O H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid
![Page 111: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
6. Alkyl Halides (p. 390, 391)
Contain at least one halogen atom
General Formula: R – X
(X is F, Cl, Br, or I)
![Page 112: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
● Naming alkyl halides is the same as naming all other pure hydrocarbons except now there are halogen atoms involved.
● The “ine” of the halogens are dropped for “o”● Bromine --> Bromo; chlorine --> chloro
2,4 – dichloro – 1 - methylcyclohexane4 – fluoro – 2 - pentene
![Page 113: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
CCCC
Br
Br
Br
H
H
HH
H
H
H
CCCCC
Cl
Br
BrBr
Br
H
HHH
H
H
H
2,2,3 – tribromobutane & 1,2,3,4 – tetrabromo – 4 - chloropentane
![Page 114: Unit 3 Organic Chemistry - Mr. Russell's WEBSITEcarussell.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/8/3/38837901/organic_notes.pdf · Organic Chemistry is the study of the ... - basis for the petrochemical](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5aabb2207f8b9a8d678c2040/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
CCCC
Br
Br
Br
H
H
HH
H
H
H
CCCCC
Cl
Br
BrBr
Br
H
HHH
H
H
H