Unit 3 People and Unit 3 People and PlacesPlaces

A – Migration2. Where do people leave from

and where do they go to? Textbook UNIT 5.2 p 120 – 121

and UNIT 5.5 p 126

2

These are the different types – but they These are the different types – but they need a bit of explanationneed a bit of explanation

MIGRATION

Forced Voluntary

International InternalInternational Internal

Urban to rural

Rural to urban

Temporary

3

The Chat!The Chat!

•Migration is the movement of people and have happened through out history for all sorts of reasons.

•As the previous diagram showed, they initially fall into 2 broad groups: Forced Migration Forced Migration (compulsory) Voluntary migration Voluntary migration (by choice)

4

Forced MigrationForced Migration

•This means that the migration occurred where they felt they had no choice.

•Can you think of physical, political or social reasons as to why that might be?

•There are 2 types of forced migration: InternationalInternational (between countries) InternalInternal (from one part of a country

to another)

5

Forced MigrationForced Migration• In a lot of cases this is international migration,

for example the slaves from West Africa to the Caribbean and North America or the Jews leaving Germany in 1930s for a number of places including the USA or Holland or Switzerland.

• However, in some cases, these forced migrants stay within their own country, e.g. those who were forced to flee the area around Mount Pinatubo to go to Manila, the capital.

• Where can you think of in the world today where refugees are coming form?

Start drawing arrows on UK/world map NOW where we are referring to migration to/from UK

6

Mount PinatuboMount Pinatubo

7

PinatuboPinatubo• Extensive damage to buildings and infrastructure

• 364 communities and 2.1 million people were affected by the eruption, with livelihoods and houses being damaged or destroyed.

• 8,000 houses - destroyed, and a further 73,000 were damaged.

• roads and communications cost of repairing the damage to infrastructure was 3.8 billion pesos.

• reforestation projects -destroyed • Agriculture - with 800 square

kilometres of rice-growing farmland destroyed, and almost 800,000 head of livestock and poultry killed.

• Damage to healthcare facilities, and the spread of illnesses in relocation facilities - soaring death rates Education for thousands of children was seriously disrupted

• The gross regional domestic product of the Pinatubo area accounted for about 10% of the total Philippine gross domestic product. The GRDP had been growing at 5% annually before the eruption, but fell by more than 3% from 1990 to 1991.

8

Voluntary international Voluntary international migrationmigration• There have historically been many reasons for

people to emigrate voluntarily:• People left Europe over the centuries to populate

new lands, set up new colonies or search for natural resources – the Spanish and Portuguese went to South America for some or all of these reasons.

• People from the colonies were invited to the MEDCs after WW2 to do jobs that their own people did not want to do or where there were not enough of their own people to do them. The people from the colonies came because they thought they would be better off financially. For example Algerians came to France for these reasons

• After the initial group arrived, others often went to join their family/friends. This happened after Australia was first colonised and also with migrants from the Indian sub-continent came to the UK

9

Voluntary international Voluntary international migrationmigration• More recently, due to the expansion of the EU which

has rules about freedom to travel and freedom to work, many EU citizens has gone to different countries for shorter or longer periods to gain experience and live in different cultures, e.g the Polish came in 1000s to the UK before the credit crunch – now fewer are coming and many are returning home. This is partly because there are fewer jobs but also because the value of the £ has gone done against the € - so their earnings here are not worth as many €s as they were

• Then there are those who move, as retirement approaches, to warmer places with a better climate. Some parts of rural France and coastal Spain have become ‘Little England’s where our culture has been superimposed on local ideas.

10

This map shows total numbers of Eastern European migrants in each local authority who registered for work between May 2004 and December 2007.It reveals that the migrants, from the "Accession eight" countries (A8), took jobs across the whole of the UK - from fish processing in Scotland to farm work in the East of England.However, not everyone has to register in order to work and, as cumulative totals, the figures do not show how many migrants are currently in each location.

11

Voluntary internal Voluntary internal migrationmigration• This is very common but has a variety of

reasons• They often do this for economic reasons, to

get a better paid job or to find any work at all. They would hope to improve the quality of their life as well.

• In LEDCs this would normally be rural to rural to urbanurban internal migration.

• Rural to urban is still quite common in MEDCs, where the price of rural housing force young people to move out. This particularly true for areas such as National Parks, and other places where city dwellers have second homes.

12

Voluntary internal Voluntary internal migrationmigration•However, urban to rural internal urban to rural internal

migrationmigration is quite common in MEDCs.

•People believe they can improve the quality of their lives if they move to the country where there is cleaner air, less traffic and less crime.

•Some of these people then become commuterscommuters, another variety of migrant who migrate on a daily basis.

13

Voluntary internal Voluntary internal migrationmigration•There are smaller numbers of other

variations on this theme: Urban to urbanUrban to urban – e.g people moving

from one city to another Temporary or seasonal migrantsTemporary or seasonal migrants –

fruit pickers for example or workers in the summer or winter tourist trade –

•Where these temporary (up to 1 year) or seasonal workers come from another country, they are sometimes called guestworkers.guestworkers.

14

What can happen?What can happen?

•http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/markeaston/2008/12/are_we_watching_britains_commu.html

•anomie - noun - Sociology . a state or condition of individuals or society characterized by a breakdown or absence of social norms and values, as in the case of uprooted people.

15

Have you filled in all the examples on the Have you filled in all the examples on the Worksheet? What can you remember?Worksheet? What can you remember?

•Voluntary international: historical Since WW2 Recent:

•Voluntary internal : urban to rural Urban to rural Commuters Urban to urban

•Temporary or seasonal or guestworkers

16

For the examples about to be given, what For the examples about to be given, what word describe them?word describe them?

MIGRATION

Forced Voluntary

International Internal International Internal

Urban to rural

Rural to urban

TemporaryUrban to Urban

17

Now lets look at migration patterns Now lets look at migration patterns in the UKin the UK

•We are a really mixture of a country – with emigration and immigration forming the kind of country we are today.

•Turn over for a true story…

18

• Paternal grandfather came from a family that came from Alsace Lorraine in early 1700s – they were mostly carpenters/woodworkers but were of gypsy origin (name Diprose from Du Pres – of the fields – used as a surname for gypsy’s] – I still have the nose and the skin that comes from that root.

• So they were voluntary migrants from N Africa to Alsace over centuries – kicked out because they were Huguenots – religious persecution – forced migration.

• Meanwhile Paternal Grandmother was ‘black Irish’ from County Cork – said that Spanish sailors washed up there after the Spanish Armada (forced) settled down and black haired blue-eyed Irish resulted – my grandmother was one.

• She and her sisters came to England pre WW1 in order to earn more money (voluntary rural to urban international).

19

Looking at the patternsLooking at the patterns

•Early comings and goings:

•Settlers – in Australia, New Zealand, North America – emigrants

•Religious refuges from Northern Europe (protestants and Jews)

• Irish refugees from the potato famine.

20

Looking at the patternsLooking at the patterns

•After the Second World War•Due a desperate shortage of people to

do jobs the British did not want, members of old Empire – who became the New Commonwealth were invited to live here – many came from the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent - 3,000,000 of them.

•At the same time there were £10 passages to Australia, New Zealand and Canada as they needed more people too – about 1 million went to Australia alone.

21

Since then things have been a bit Since then things have been a bit more problematicmore problematic

•From the certain sorts of papers and in a few political organisations, we hear all about people taking ‘our’ [meaning ethnic Brits] houses and ‘our’ jobs.

•But since we closed our open door policy in 1970s, it has been much harder to enter.

•Except of course if you belong to a country in the European Union – in which case you have an absolute right to live and work in any of its countries.

22

Since then things have been a bit Since then things have been a bit more problematicmore problematic

• But it should not be forgotten than many people on a daily basis leave the United Kingdom – 237,000 in 2007 alone.

• The government’s own figures tell us, for instance that more people leave to live in Australia, Canada, USA and the Middle East than come to the UK from these places.

• We also have international obligations under the UN to take in those whose lives are at risk from political or religious persecution.

• We also accept a limited number of non-EU immigrants who fulfil a particular need, for example nurses or other professionals which we have a shortage of.

23

Since then things have been a bit Since then things have been a bit more problematicmore problematic

•But Europe as a whole, and also North America, have a problem with illegal entry.

•Many LEDC based organisations charge people large sums of money to smuggle them into Europe. The conditions in which they are smuggled are often very crowded and may even be fatally dangerous – any one remember a mention in recent news?

24

Since then things have been a bit Since then things have been a bit more problematicmore problematic

• These people want to leave their own countries for a variety of reasons such as not having enough to eat or little chance of education, but do not fulfil the criteria of being political refugees. They are what is known as economic migrants.

• But economic migrants will become increasing desperate as climate change enlarges deserts and floods islands and coastal areas where so many people live.

• This is an issue we will need to deal with, and could lead to ‘water wars’ and other sorts of conflict in the future.

25

Internal MigrationInternal Migration1981 - 1991 1991 - 1997

26

27

•http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/html/overview.stm

28

HomeworkHomework

• Do a case study on the migration to and from the UK and also within the UK, with reasons (and approximate dates and numbers where you can get them)

• You may use the outline maps if that is helpful.

• Alternatively you might like to set it a out in a table or a spider diagram - whatever helps you to see the different strands the clearest.

• Remember to differentiate between forced and voluntary, and between social, economic and political reasons .