AREA OF STUDY 2

MEMORY

UNIT 3THE CONSCIOUS SELF

A memory system with limited storage capacity in which information is stored for a relatively short time, unless renewed

in some way

The information is now an encoding (representation) of the sensory stimulus

VERBAL FORMNON-VERBAL FORM

MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM)

MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) – DURATION OF STM

http://psych.hanover.edu/JavaTest/CLE/Cognition/Cognition/BrownPeterson.html

FOLLOW THIS LINK AND COMPLETE THE EXPERIMENT:

MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) – DURATION OF STM

• Retained fairly well for the first few seconds• After about 12 seconds, recall begins to decline• After about 18 seconds, almost all the information disappears entirely• Some research indicates information occasionally lingers for up to 30

seconds TRIGRAMS =Meaningless groups of 3 letters

qlg

jfb

mwtParticipants are given trigrams to memoriseImmediately after, participants must count backwards in 3’s (eg. 634-631 etc.)

When participants were not required to count backwards, recall improved, probably due to rehearsal

MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) – CAPACITY OF STM

The capacity of short-term memory is 7 +/- 2 items

eg. 2,4,7 = 3 items

Information in STM is lost due to:

•DECAY (not being used)

•DISPLACEMENT (being pushed out)

(Schilling & Weaver, 1983)

MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) – STM AS WORKING MEMORY

The part of memory where information is temporarily held and actively ‘worked on’ as we undertake everyday tasks

HOMEWORK

LEARNING ACTIVITY 6.6 (pg.252)

MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) – MAINTENANCE & ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL

MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL:

Involves repeating the information being remembered over and over again so that it can be retained (or maintained) in STM

Can occur vocally (repeating aloud)

or

sub-vocally (visualising or silently repeating the words in your head)

RUNDAS (1977) – REPITITION DOES NOT = RETENTION

MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) – MAINTENANCE & ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL

ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL:

The process of linking new information in a meaningful way with other new information or information already stored in LTM to aid in its storage and retrieval from LTM.

THIS WORKS MUCH BETTER THAN MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL IF WE WANT TO TRANSFER INFORMATION TO LTM!!!

THIS IS A MORE ACTIVE AND EFFORTFUL FORM OF ENCODING THAN MAINTENANCE

(DEEPER LEVEL OF INFORMATION-PROCESSING)

SELF REFERENCE EFFECT = We are more likely to remember information when we relate new information to personal experiences and our personal situation (Matiln, 2002)

HOMEWORK

LEARNING ACTIVITY 6.8 (pg.255)

MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) – SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

http://psych.hanover.edu/JavaTest/CLE/Cognition/Cognition/serialposition_instructions.html

FOLLOW THIS LINK AND COMPLETE THE EXPERIMENT:

MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) – SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

Where is the evidence that proves that STM is a different memory store from LTM?

FREE RECALL IS BETTER FOR ITEMS AT THE END AND AT THE BEGINNING OF A LIST THAN FOR ITEMS IN THE MIDDLE OF A LIST

FREE RECALL = Remember the words in any orderPRIMACY EFFECT = Superior recall of items at the beginning of a list (LTM)RECENCY EFFECT = Superior recall of items at the end of a list (STM)

MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) – SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

GLANZER + CUNITZ (1966)

•Memorise a list of 15 words•Recall the list immediately after hearing it

PRIMACY AND RECENCY EFFECT EVIDENT

•Memorise a list of 15 words•Recall the list after a 30 second delay

RECENCY EFFECT NOT EVIDENT

MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) – SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

GLANZER + CUNITZ (1966)

Recall better at the beginning of the list, because those items were rehearsed more, than therefore stored in LTM

No recency effect is evident because participants could not hold the last items in STM

HOMEWORK

LEARNING ACTIVITY 6.10 (pg.258)

MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) – CHUNKING

W N V D C E I V D C S V

(12 items)

MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) – CHUNKING

NSW VCE VIC DVD(4 items – same number of letters as previous slide)

The grouping or ‘packing’ of separate bits of information into a larger single unit, or ‘chunk’ of

information

It is possible to chunk numbers, words, images, sentences, phrases or abbreviations

HOMEWORK

LEARNING ACTIVITY 6.12 (pg.259)