unit 3: the rise of modern america: global power: imperialism and world war i (1898-1920) expansion...
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 3:The Rise of Modern
America: Global Power:Imperialism and World
War I (1898-1920)Expansion in the Pacific
War With SpainExpansion in Latin America
World War I Breaks OutThe United States Goes to War
The War at HomeThe War’s End and Aftermath
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Definition of Imperialism
The quest for colonial empires Industrialized nations compete:
New markets to sell products Raw materials and natural
resources Cheap labor Power, prestige, global
influence Spread democracy/Christianity
“God, Gold, Glory” = Power
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American Imperialism Begins
Nations such as Great Britain, Germany, France, etc. had been expanding territory into areas of Africa & Asia
The US was not used to being involved on the global “stage” like this
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Proponents of Imperialism
Henry Cabot Lodge A US Senator that stressed the need for the
US to get involved in imperialism
Alfred Thayer Mahan US Naval officer who thought that the US
needed a strong navy to protect its economic interests
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Powerful Nations Seek God, Gold, Glory:• Take advantage of a
foreign nation: Economic Exploitation• Cheap labor• Raw materials• Natural resources• Investment
opportunitiesStrong nation thinks of weak
nation as inferior
Strong Nation treats weaker nation as
inferior:Converts their religionControls their poitical systemAlters their cultureMakes them into a colonyRelates to Social Darwinism
The weaker country becomes
even weaker
Makes it easier to exploit
weaker nation
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US Interests in Hawaii
Christian missionaries (1820s) God
Investors—sugar caneGold
Control Hawaiian resources/tradeGold
Overthrow Hawaiian governmentGlory Annexed Hawaii 1898/US
territory by 1900
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US Interests in China
John Hay: 1899-Open Door Policy A policy stating that ALL nations have equal access to trade and
investments in China This policy was never formally accepted by France, GB, Russia or Japan,
but the US declared it approved
Different nations divide China into separate “Spheres of Influence” Regions where a particular country has exclusive rights over mines,
railroads and trade
China tries to respond to foreign intrusions by rebelling: Boxer Rebellion 1900 Weakens China even more Japan v. Russia for China 1904
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Japan Japan attacked
Russia in Manchuria
Teddy Roosevelt negotiated peace between Japan & Russia
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The Great White Fleet
To remind Japan of American power, T. Roosevelt sent 16 white battleships and four destroyers on a world cruise, resting in Japan
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Guess the Terms
Imperialism
God, Gold Glory
Open Door Policy
US Navy
Spread Christianity
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Guess the Terms
John Hay
Spread Democracy
Spheres of Influence
Hawaii
Teddy Roosevelt
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Conflict with Cuba
Reasons for American Interest in Cuba Humanitarian Concerns Economic Interests DeLome Letter Sinking of the USS Maine Yellow Journalism
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Humanitarian Concerns
Many Americans felt they had a moral obligation to help Cuban people in their struggle for independence
Spain sent Valeriano Weyler to Cuba to stop the native Cuban revolt
Weyler sent many of the native Cuban revolutionaries to concentration camps
He became known as “The Butcher”
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Economic Interests
Many leaders in the American government wanted to protect the $50 million that Americans had invested in Cuba
Also wanted to prevent further interruption of trade with Cuba
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DeLome Letter
The Spanish Ambassador to the US (Enrique DeLome) insulted President McKinley in a private letter
The letter was leaked to the press
American opinion against Spain grew
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Sinking of the USS Maine
The US battleship Maine exploded in Cuba’s Havana harbor
The press blamed the explosion on Spanish sabotage
Americans grew angrier towards Spain
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Sinking of the USS Maine
It was later discovered that five tons of ammunition powder located in the ship’s lowest vessel ignited, causing a major explosion
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Yellow Journalism Sensationalized news events created to sell more copies
of newspapers
New York World and New York Journal distorted the truth about Cuba and the Maine
William Randolph Hearst
New York Journal
Joseph Pulitzer
New York World
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US Involved to Spread Democracy
US recognizes Cuban independence
Teller Amendment: Promises Cuban freedom
US wins war Cuba independent 1898 US gets Guam and Puerto Rico US buys Philippines
US in now a global empire in control of many non-American areas
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Big Debate in US (p. 338)
Is it right to expand and take over other lands?
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Expansion in Latin America
US governing Cuba and Puerto Rico Est. military government to restore order and protect US
investments Role of Leonard Wood: Governor of Cuba (1899)
YET…New constitution for Cuba Limits Cuban independence Platt Amendment 1902
Limits Cuban relations w/ others US can intervene in Cuba Cuba to give naval base to US Cuba now a US protectorate
Foraker Act 1900: Puerto Rico P.R. leg. Chosen by US P.R. part of US until 1952
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Panama Canal
US wants land to build canal
Negotiations with Colombia 1901 Colombia controls Panama
99 year “lease” for $10 mil/$250K per year for a rental fee Colombia rejects the deal Role of Theodore Roosevelt
Aids Panama in rebelling against Colombia
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What the US Gets in Return?
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty: Gives US complete and unending rule of 10 mile
wide canal zone through Panama 10 year building project 1904-1914
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Monroe Doctrine
James Monroe (5th President) declared that the United States was the protector of the Western Hemisphere
Until the late 1800’s, this was just a threat
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Roosevelt Corollary
In 1904, T. Roosevelt added to the Monroe Doctrine
“Speak softly and carry a big stick…you will go far…” The US will police affairs in Western Hemisphere to keep
European nations from intervening
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Big Stick Diplomacy - political cartoon"the new diplomacy" is on Roosevelt's nightstick
He is depicted as a police officer exercising international police power
http://www.historywiz.com/bigstick.htm
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Dollar Diplomacy
Later, Taft chose to send money to Western Hemisphere countries (as opposed to troops)
“Substitute dollars for bullets”
Investing money would increase US economic power
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World War I Breaks Out
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
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Militarism
Social Darwinist attitude Might makes right War plans “just in case”-advantage to shooting first Build up of armed forces=arms race Glorification of the military Major European leaders believed disputes would be settled
on the battlefield
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Alliances
Secret Alliances Paranoia, fear,
suspicious Allied Powers:
France/Russia/England/Italy
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-
Hungary, Italy, Turkey, Bulgaria
“The enemy of my enemy is my friend
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Imperialism
Nations already in competition REMEMBER: GOD, GOLD, GLORY
Industrialism: Economic competition Germany was locked out of regions of Africa & the Far East
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Nationalism
Each Nation, people want: Land Independence Sovereignty (self-determination)
National pride or loyalty (even for a country that doesn’t exist)
Example: Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia Herzegovina, but Serbia claimed Bosnia as their own
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The War Begins
On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne) was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist
Chain-reaction By August 5th WORLD WAR I
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Describe the Term…
Allied Powers
Militarism
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Roosevelt Corollary
Nationalism
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Describe the Term…
Imperialism
Monroe Doctrine
World War I
Alliances
Central Powers
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World War I 1914-1918
Total War = Stalemate and Trench Warfare
Total Causes: Competition between nations since 1815 Industrialism Imperialism Militarism Social Darwinism= “might makes right,” “strong
survive” Nationalism: Each nation thinks they are the best
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World War I 1914-1918, cont’d…
Total Involvement: Most nations involved Fought in all places Nations use everything they have Total results Cause of World War II
Overall: Approximately 40 million casualties 16-17 million killed (10 mil. Soldiers/7 mil. Civilians) 21-23 million wounded, MIA, etc.
Example: Battle of the Somme (July 16th, 1916) 1.5 million killed/perhaps 20,000 in the first HOUR
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Trench Warfare
Armies occupied trenches hundreds of miles long
The space between the trenches was known as “no-mans-land”
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New Weapons
Machine guns
Tanks
Poison gas
Submarines
Airplanes
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U.S. & The Great War
President Wilson wanted to maintain neutrality Many Americans found this difficult (28 million were new
immigrants from Central Europe)
Many Americans believed that this was a European war and that we could avoid it: History and tradition of isolation and neutrality Official US policy 1914 = Neutral Geography: Atlantic Ocean separates US from Europe
Others were swayed by propaganda to support the Allies
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The War at Home
US began to prepare on four levels: Military Preparations Economic Preparations Social Preparations Mental/Psychological Preparations
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Military Preparations
National Defense Act (raise money and soldiers)
Selective Service Act (the draft)
AEF: General Pershing
Convey System: Trade w/ allies: Lansing
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Economic Preparations Liberty Bonds
Taxes-Businesses/incomes (16th Amendment)
War Boards: Directing the economy Coordinating gov., industry,
business Food Administration (allocating
scarce resources) Fuel Administration (allocating
scarce resources) RR Administration War Industries Board National War Labor Board
(production priorities)
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Social Preparations
Growth of union leadership
Role of women (19th Amendment)
African-American migration from South
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Mental/Psychological Preparations
Propaganda: Committee on Public Information Volunteerism-Patriotism Suppression of the opposition
Espionage/Sedition Acts (1917-1918) Schneck v. US (1919)
CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTOR! Limits on freedom of speech “Clear and present danger
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Sequence of Events: US in WWI
1) Isolation: Ignore the war
2) Neutrality: Can’t ignore war but no involvement
3) Not quite so neutral = Germany keeps making us angry
4) US starts getting involved Economic and cultural ties to Allies German submarines sink US ships The Zimmerman Note US is a WORLD EMPIRE – hard to avoid a world war
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President Wilson (1912-1920)
Had to go from convincing the US that we should NOT be in war to convincing the US that we SHOULD be in the war
“Make the world safe for democracy”
“The war to end all wars”
Thus: Tremendous pressure on Wilson to live up these ideas after the war
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The War’s End and Aftermath
Other factors leading to US involvement Failed Allied offensive Russian Bolshevik Revolution (Lenin) Major German offensive
US IS NEEDED NOW! Turns the tide of the war against Germany and in
favor of Allies—Armistace signed Nov. 11 1918 Cease-fire
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Paris Peace Conference: 1919
Wilson’s 14 Points tried to eliminate problems that caused war in first place 1) Provide self-determination 2) Solve territorial disputes 3) Prevent arms races and secret treaties 4) Provide for freedom of the seas 5) Est. a League of Nations
Make world “safe for democracy” This would make WWI the “war to end all wars”
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Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Contradicts most of Wilson’s 14 points Deprives Germany of colonies Took away Germany territory by creating
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia Took away territory from Germany in Alsace-
Lorriane and gave it to France Restricted the size of Germany military War Guilt ClauseReparations
Germany’s fault$33 billion
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Treaty of Versailles, cont’d…
Republicans disagree with Wilson Henry Cabot Lodge—US Should be isolationist
League of Nations Article #10 Committed US to supporting other members of the
League
Wilson tries to get nation to support the treaty
Senate does NOT ratify treaty
US does NOT sign treaty OR join the League of Nations US Isolation
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League of Nations
It was President Wilson’s idea to form the League, however, the US Senate did not approve joining the organization
Wilson was given the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts
The League was unable to prevent European conflict in the 1930’s, and was defunct by 1946
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Sets Stage for World War II
Germany hurtWeimar Republic can’t function, Hitler comes to power
League useless without US power to back it up
Avoid another warappeasement
Bad guysFascist dictators never taught a lesson
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