unit 3. why is it important for environmentalists to understand how organisms are organized? every...
TRANSCRIPT
Why is it important for environmentalists to understand how organisms are organized?
Every organism is a chemical factory that captures matter & energy from its environment and transforms them into structures & processes that make life possible…
We are learning Atoms …… Biosphere
Bohr Model of nitrogen
Levels of OrganizationAll elements are composed of one type of atom:I.Atoms (the smallest particles that exhibit the characteristics of the element) are made of subatomic particles:
a. Protons (+) in the nucleusb. Neutrons (0) in the nucleusc. Electrons (-) outside the nucleus in
electron cloud
Dot diagram - shows valence electrons
Give atoms their weight
II. The Four Organic Compounds that make up bio-compound in cells:
1. Lipids: fats & oils Store energy & make up cell membrane
2. Carbohydrates: sugars, starches, & cellulose Store energy & provide cell structure
3. Proteins: amino acids Structure, enzyme, immunity
4. Nucleic acids: DNA & RNA (made of sugar, phosphate group, & nitrogen base)
Store & express genetic information
Levels of Organization
Create a graphic organizer for the four macromolecules.Be sure to include:
1. Name of Macromolecule2. Function of Macromolecule3. What are they made up of?
(nucleotides, sugars, etc)4. Examples! (eggs, cell membrane,
fruit, etc)
3. Bacteria To Be Turned In: Draw, color, and label the three cell types & their internal structures/ organelles
Prokaryotic cells: have no nucleus or membrane-bound organellesSeen in bacteria
I. AtomsII. Compounds
III. Cells
Types of Cells
Eukaryotic cells: have a nucleus & organelles bound by membraneSeen in plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Organelles = tiny organs inside cellNucleus: house for DNA Mitochondria: “power house”; performs respiration (makes energy from sugar)Chloroplast: in plants only; performs photosynthesis (make sugar from sunlight)Ribosomes: make proteinAnd more…
Types of Cells
6 KingdomsProkaryotes/ Bacteria: (have no nucleus or membrane-
bound organelles): 1. Archaebacteria Kingdom: “extreme” prokaryotes
Found in hot springs, deep sea, sulfur springs2. Eubacteria Kingdom: general prokaryotes
Found everywhere!Important Note:Bacteria act as decomposers
Levels of Organization
Eukaryotes: (have nucleus & membrane-bound organelles): 3. Fungi Kingdom: eukaryotic multicellular absorptive
*heterotrophs (eat others for food)
4. Protist Kingdom: eukaryotic single- and multi-celled*autotrophs (make own food) & heterotrophs
Levels of Organization
5. Plant Kingdom: Eukaryotic multicellular autotrophs 4 Types:
Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms (i.e. conifers): seeds are not in flowers/fruits Angiosperms : flowering plants that produce seeds in flower/fruit
6. Animal Kingdom: Eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs2 Types:
Invertebrates: animals without spinesExamples: Jellyfish, coral, sponges, insects, worms
Vertebrates: animals with spines; 5 main types:Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Population: same species living in an areaSpecies = group of similar organisms that can
interbreedExample: all the Giant pandas in a forest
Community: group of different populations living in same area
Example: All the different plants & animals in a forest
Levels of Organization
Ecosystems: area where living (biotic) & nonliving (abiotic) things interact
Where plants & animals interact with each other & the water, soil, wind, sunlight
Levels of Organization
Biome: Ecosystems with similar climates and communitiesExample: forest, desert, grassland
Biosphere: (Ecosphere)- all ecosystems of the earthHydrosphere: water portion of EarthLithosphere: rock/ ground portion of EarthAtmosphere: air portion of Earth
Levels of Organization
Ecosystem Pyramid
Choose an organism and illustrate a pyramid about the organism
Include biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population, and species.
Provide a definition/description of each level
See example for assistance
Classifying OrganismsClassification: The
process of putting similar things into groups
Taxonomy: the science of classifying organisms
Organisms are classified into Domains Species
Three Domains:1. Archaea
Archaebacteria Kingdom
2. BacteriaEubacteria Kingdom
3. EukaryotaPlant KingdomFungi KingdomProtist KingdomAnimal Kingdom
Classifying Organisms
Classifying OrganismsDomain Kingdom (king)
Phylum (phillip)Class (came)
Order (over)Family (for) Genus (grape) Species (soda)
Binomial nomenclature is used – Genus speciesAll organisms given two
names
Human TaxonomyKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammalsOrder PrimatesFamily HominidGenus HomoSpecies Sapiens
Homo sapiens
The Theory of Natural Selection by EvolutionEvolution = The change in organisms
over time Important: populations change, not
individualsEvolution occurs by Natural Selection
Theorized by Charles Darwin
Natural Selection: The Steps
2. Individuals with advantageous traits survive longer & make more offspring.
1. Genetic diversity in pop. Some individuals have traits better suited for the environment.
3. Advantageous traits get passed on to the next generation (next set of offspring)
4. Over time, more individuals have these advantageous traits (adaptation) evolution
ADAPTATION= trait that helps organisms survive in their environmentCan be physical, physiological, behavioral, combo.
Antibiotic resistance = bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics through natural selection.
Environmental Science & Evolution
The steps:
•Widespread use of antibiotics in medicines, household products & farming has lead to resistant bacteria!
•Examples include E. coli and MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
Environmental Science & Evolution