unit-32 tabulation and graphic presentation- case studies.pdf

8/14/2019 Unit-32 Tabulation and Graphic Presentation- Case Studies.pdf

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Qualitative Methodsand Presentation ofResearch indings

[structure for a research report presentationI1

a Abstract b) Background of research c Review of related literatured) Research methods e) Finding's f) Analysisq) Discussion h) Conclusion i Summary and Suqqestionsj References k) Glossary 1 AppendixFigure 32.1 Structure for Presentatfon of Research Project Report

Before presenting your research findiygs, you need to check the following:* Availability and suitability of the computer* Availability of the electrical point* Familiarity with software and hardware3 You can obtain technical support, if necessary

* Test the data-collection instrument* To see, there i s clear storage and retrieval system for data

collection, etc.Presentation of your research findings depends on your intended targetgroup. For example, papers or articles for journals and magazines willbe presented in different format than book chapters or final researchreport. Therefore, you have to decide yourself about the format for thepresentation of your research findings. You may visit http://www.sociology.org.uk/rrocrl.pdf for the structure of research reporton your subject area.

32.3 Data Presentation: Editing Coding andTranscribingThe processes of editing, coding and transcribing are extremely importantfor the presentation of accurate research findings. If the study isconducted through primary base data (i.e., through questionnaire), thefollowing steps are very important:

Responses should be scrutinised for completeness and for errors.+3 Response validation is obtained by recontacting individuals whoseanswers appear inconsistent or unusual.

Open-ended questions should be properly classified or scored,while responses to both qualitative and quantitative questionsare coded for data entry.

For a detailed treatment of these aspects,/ see the nits in Block 6 onSurvey Research.Editing primary datad is a fairly complex task. In fact, it requires greatskil l and experience, while editing. The data should be complete,consistent, accurate and homogenous. Quite a few steps have beenpresented below for presenting primary data.


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a) 'complete data: You should see that the answer to each and Tabulation And GraphicPresentation Case Studiesevery question has been given. I f a few questions remainunanswered, then you should mark them as 'Not reported' (NR).

b) Consistent data: You should see that the answers to questionsare not contradictory. If there are mutually contradictory answers,you should try to obtain the correct answers either by referringback the questionnaire or by contracting the respondent.

c) Accurate data: If the datai s inaccurate, it can easily be corrected.But, in some case, it is very difficult to correct it for example,income and age group informed by the respondents. In this case,we have to accept whichever the respondent gives us.

d) Homogenous data: You should see that information supplied bythe respondents is homogenous. If i t is not, i t cannot becomparable.

Now, after making you aware of how data i s edited and collected, in theforthcoming sections we are presentirig some cases and il lustration ofthe presentation of research findings. In some cases,it has been presentedwith the help of the computer along with internet and digital media.

32 4 Case Studies-Here are four case'siudies for you to carefully study and then takingthem as examples, you may also attempt to present your research findingsin the same manner.Case 1 Questionnaire CodingThe following figure'(32.1) represents the responses to the questionnaire*which was designed to conduct a study on the socio-economic profile ofrural people of Haryana . The questionnaire code identification numberis 0412. To facilitate data entry, each selected individual's four-digitncimber is presented. The first number (04) indicates it i s the districtcode i.e. Kurukshetra. The next two digits, i.e., 1 and 2, indicate Tehsiland village codes. The digits within brackets indicate along with thequestionnaire the coding of the questions. This questionnaire is designedfor you to give a broad idea of coding. This i s only for part of thequestionnaire.

QUESTIONNAIRE14. ~ode10(41112]A Study o Socio-economic profileo rural people of HaryanaQ.1Family members: (a) 3-4 I (b) 5-6 2) c) 7-8 3)(d) 9-10(4) (e) >I0 (5).4.2 Age profile: a) below 20(1) (b) 20-25 2) c) 26-30 3)

(d) 31-35 (4), (e) 36-40 5) (f) 41-50 (6) g)> 50 (7)4.3 Gender (a) Male (1) (b) Female 2)

Figure 32 2 Questionnaire Coding


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Qualitative Methodsand Presentation of After coding this data, you can present t in table (see Table 33.1) andResearch indings graphic format. You can put this data into spreadsheet and by pressing a

few buttons (see Figure 32.3), t i s possible to produce what looks likethe most wondrous variety of charts and graphs. For example, withexcel column, bar, line, pie and others are all possible to make and use inthe report presentation.

Figure 32 3 Coding of Questionnaire Data

Let us now look at the coded data in tabular form. See Table 32.1 onGender Distribution of the Respondents.

Table 32 1 Gender Distribution of the Respondents

Yowqn now convert coding into words and your final table (see Table32.2) would look as below.

Gender012

Total

Table 32 2 Gender Distribution of the Respondents

Frequency482144239

Percent1.73

35.4964.01100.00

Cenglero ReplyMale

FemaleTotal

Frequency482144230

Percent1.73

35.4964.01100.00


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Tabulathn Alrd C m i csimilarly, you can present the above findings into pie diagram as presented - =i n the following figure (Figure 32.4).

Female 62

Figure 32.4 Gender distribution of the respondents.Data from the Windows can be transferred to the report on your wordprocessor through clipboard. If you are transferring the data from Excelto Word, the data wi ll be imported already formatted as a basic Wordtable, which you can then visually increase or decrease i t s size. Graphsfrom Excel can also be transferred to your report through clipboard,using c ~ i t 'nd paste.Case Il: Data collection and presentation through AudioWe are presenting here our own experience on data collection andpresentation through audio. We interviewed sixty students for our researchstudy on drop out. Respondents' phone numbers were located and theywere contacted to take part in a face-to-face recorded interview attheir respective home. On confirmation, we visited thdr homes as pertheir convenience, and recorded their responses to a structured interviewschedule.We recorded thorough tape recorder and translated into about fi f typages. One interview was about ark page of transcription. We werefaced with an enormous pile of .nevew transcriptions each -of whichcovered the issue of any interview schedule, but in no particular order.Once data transcribed, we found that we rarely returned to the tapes.Hesitation, coughing andpersonal nd ircdmant eussionw e nakatqdin the original transcriptions. w ew nc l tua d inpresentation of findings, w tape again, itdifferent. For a micro study (or disse for master prograis worth thinking carefully about whether i t t n essaly to corn,ful l transcriptions of tapedbe reserved for sett'ions,The p ri ~ te d e~sionand recconsistency and prioritizationinto four areas and presented in Tabk-32.k , - 2GP@Ti


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Qualitative Methodsand Presentation ofResearch FindingsTable 32.3: Factors for dropou t

Source Panda et al . 2 0 0 4 ) Study on P rogra mm e ~ o m ~ l e h o n ,nd LearnerPersistence and Dropout in Distapce Education, IGNOU, New Delhi

Situational facto rOffice work pressure (5)--

9 Family responsibility (3)0:. Timing fo r pra ctica l classeswere not suitable (2)9 Got married (3)9 Exam date clashed 9)e Not doing well-

during exams (1)Admission i n otherprogramme (4)Husband got transferred (1)

*+ Due to extended family (1)Inst i tut ional factor

Not received hall ticket (1)Study ien tr e chinged (5)

Q N information fromregional centre forclasses (4) .

*Case Ill: On line case study

bispositional factor2 d preference to CIC

iprogramme (1 )Felt infe rior i ty complexduring classes when juniorwas taking classes (1)

9 Not aware about the examdate sheet (1)

Course related facto r:ourse was easy (1)

9 Course was difficult (1)*+ Language was difficult (1)

Research through virtual mode can be conducted through one to one e-m ai l or by hosting the questionnaire on a web page. This metho dprovides quick feedback an8 access to geographical ly d ispersedrespondents. In addition, the online interviews and e-mail messagesp rov i ded au tom a t i c t ex t t r ans c r i p t s o f_ a l l t h e i n t e r v i ew s and


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TabulationPresentation

And GraphkCase Studies

Figure 32.6Researcher edit ing

data through theinternet.

Figure 32.7 Presentation of research findings through multimedia.In addition to the above mode or res'earch presentation, you can also useself-paced learning and self-assessment using software1CD-Rom.Case IV Presentation of Research Findings in CD-RomWe have presented a case study of data analysis and presentation in CDRom. We are giving you a CD with this unit in which you can see how theactual data s coded, anztlysed and presented in the CD. The researcherconducted a study on Pre-Testing Self-Instructional Material . Theresearcher collected feedbacks from ten respondents through face toface, analysed and presented his data research findings.You can also present your experiment data or research findings by usingpower point and inieractive whiteboard. You can collect and disseminateresearch data by using the devices of the web. But you should haveInternet and research skills for the your presentation of research findingsthrough the Internet.


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Qualitative Methodsand Presentation ofResearch Findings

alitative Data Analysis and PresentationCompptcrto Excel f SS arrw SAS, o ther so ftw are packages are also

av)ii tab[e wh ich ar be ing used fo r qu al i t at ive data analys is ar.dpresentation, for example computer-aided methods for qualitative dataanilysis (CAQDAS). CAQDAS h ve two programmes like NUD-IST (non-numerical, unstr hing theorizing) and innovativeand imag inative co ion (A'rLAS.ti). The purposeof these program n at micro research study,w re ,the numbe d t -4s nited, these programmes maybe u i b . ou t w a r e f r e e f r o m h t t p : / /www.scolari.co.ukNUD-IST: This programme has more complex features, w k h can belearned or ignored as the user develops familiarity Gith the software.Textual data are imported into NUD-IST as separate documents. Thesedata can be coded which m kessense of the data. All the data underthis category (or code) can be ret riev ed and then tume nto a separatedocument. For detaS1 you can study an intro du cto ry tu to ria l of th issoftware.W i Max Some p xr a m direct ntry int o th e system white othersw i l l ope ra te impar ted f i l es . Some a l l ow ex te rna l f i l esincorporating video and other material to be indexed. This makes theprogramme more complex. A much more user f r iendly programmei s WinMax. t s easy to learn. t can be used for s t ra ight forwardcode-an d-retr ieve aperations on te xt f i les as we l l as for the moredif fic ult approaches df grounded theory and case oriented quantification.t a ls o he l p you t o w o rk w i t h q ua l i t a t iv e and qua n t i t a t iv e d a ta

s' ultaneously.1ATLAS.ti: It s an innovat ive and imaginat ive computer sof twareapplication that allows you to study and analyse text. The text can beinterview transcripts. You have to add additional coding so that it is easyto categorize or code short or long tex t segments fo r comparative study.For details, you may visit www.atlasti.de/demo.shtml You can alsopresent your findings of t he interview data which have been recorded ontape. You can analyse the audio transcripts with this software.CAQDAS programme makes you analyse a vast amount of data to behandled; wh ile coding and retr iev ing can now be accomplished w ithremarkable speed and efficiency.

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32:6 Types of ICT used for ResearchIn the previous units of Block 8, you have studied the application of ICTin.social science research. In the present section, you wil l study thedif fe rent types of ICT being used i n research activities. These are:


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Online surveys Tabulation And GraphicPresentation Case Studie= Open ended or structured text-based interviews conducted viaemail or computer-mediated conferencingFocus groups using real time Net-based video, audio conferencingor asynchronous computer conferencingNet-based telephone intervewsAnalysis of text transcripts* of learning or social activitiesAnalysis of social behavior in virtual reality environmentsOnline assessment and o r evaluation of pehormance or knowledge,web cams.

A researcher can submit his ideas through different types of ICT anddevelop his ideas to become full resources for use in research activities.ICT also helps the researcher to join a discussion from where he or shecan exchange views and join in collaborative research activities. Forexample DEOS [email protected]. You can present your research findingsin a suitable medium of ICT in which audience can access a full text onthe Internet in a choice of formats.There i s no ready-made programme/software available for the analysisand presentation of your research findings. There are variousconsiderations to bear in mind when matching the kind of research-study and database to the most suitable software.The selection of the right programme depends upon the size of thedatabase. I f you have interviewed just four to five individuals andtranscribed the text, CAQDAS may not be useful. This package handlesLarge quantities of data in different files much faster than you could doit by your own hand. You should have a minimum of fi fteen cases to usethis software. If data i s obtained from several sources like documents,observation, questionnaires and audio and video, some software canhandle the diversity of data types and others not. In some packagesit i s easy to revise the text database., but in others revising takesmuch time. For example, a f i le imported into CAQDAS cannot bechanged. t would be necessary to make the changes in Word and thenre-import the file.

L Therefore, the selection of the software depends upon the size of thedatabase, nature of data (i.e. structured or unstructured), technicalknowledge of the researcher, time and cost.

.Similarity, the selection of the IGT for the presentation of your researchfindings depends upon these factors and .he availability of the particulartechnology to the audience.Adobe Reader software can help you view, print, and share your researchdocument more securely by using a variety of platforms and devices. Fordetails you may visit http://www.adobe.com. There are various Web


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Qualitative Methodsand Presentation o pages available which provide free space to share your research findings.Research indings See, for example, www.yahoo.com.

32 7 ConclusianThe foregoing details apprise you of the cases of presentation of yourresearch findings with different types of ICT sources. This discussion andinformation was based on the assumption that you have a basic awarenessof the writing skill and statistical package. We have focused in this uniton the presentation and dissemination of.your research findings throughICT. How to code, edit and present research data has been presented nthis unit. In addition to this, how data s collected through tape recorder-and transcripted into text are also presented.

urther~ e d i n ~ wGentleman, Jane F 2004 The National Health Interview Survey InNational Health lnterview Survey Presentations of the 2004 Listing ofSelected Presentations at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/howt o/events/duc2004/ducpresentations 2004 htm

unit-32 tabulation and graphic presentation- case studies.pdf

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