unit 4 continued primates and primate behaviorcluster of primate traits are the result of living in...
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Unit 4 continuedPrimates and primate behavior
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PrimatesTraits found across the primate order
*Tendency towards erect posture*Highly prehensile hands and feet*Generalized dentition*Reliance on complex behavior
What accounts for these traits?
Why did such adaptive features emerge in the first place?
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Arboreal hypothesisCluster of primate traits are the result of living in the trees.
Evidence for:-highly prehensile hands and feet-generalized diet fits with the niche
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Arboreal hypothesisCluster of primate traits are the result of living in the trees.
Evidence for:-highly prehensile hands and feet-generalized diet fits with the niche
Evidence against:-other mammals live in the trees but lack primate characteristics
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Visual adaptation hypothesisCluster of primate traits are the result of the visual emphasis of insect predation
Evidence for:-accurate, 3-D vision-grasping hands and feet
Evidence against:-primates are characterized by a generalized diet and dentition
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Angiosperm radiation hypothesisCluster of primate traits are adaptive responses to the radiation of flowering plants
Evidence for:-diverse set of foods make generalized diet more likely-explains emergence of color vision
Evidence against:-Angiosperms appeared millions of years before primates
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StrepsirhiniGroups: Lemurs and lorises
Compared to the haplorhines
-more ancestral
-more reliance on olfaction
-less reliance on complex behavior
-faster maturation rates
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Haplorhines - monkeys, apes, and humansPlatyrrhinesNew world monkeys-prehensile tails, found in South America
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Catarrhines (Africa and Asia)Old world monkeys, apes, and humans
CercopithecoidsOld world monkeys
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Haplorhines - monkeys, apes, and humans
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Catarrhines (Africa and Asia)Old world monkeys, apes, and humans
CercopithecoidsOld world monkeys
Cercopithecines (baboons, macaques, etc)1. Ischial callosities - sitting pad composed of callused skin2. Estrus - period of female sexual receptivity (correlated with ovulation)
Colobines (leaf-eating monkeys)Tarsiers (some traits from both subfamilies)
Hominoids(apes and humans) - see rest of the ppt
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Haplorhines - monkeys, apes, and humans
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Hominoids - the apes and humansCompared to the other haplorhines, hominoids:
Location: Asia and Africa-larger body size-lack a tail-shoulders adapted for suspensory behavior-more complex behavior-increased period of infant dependency
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Gibbons and Siamangs
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Location: Asia
Morphology: traits reflecting adaptation to brachiation
Behavior: territorial; social unit = adult male and female and their offspring
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Orangutans
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Location: Islands of Sumatra and Borneo
Morphology: sexual dimorphism between male/female body size
Diet: frugivorous
Behavior: mostly solitary
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Gorillas
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Location: West/east equatorial Africa
Morphology: largest living primates; also sexual dimorphism between male/female body size
Diet: vegetarian
Behavior: Groups with one or two adult silver back males, several females and offspring
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Chimpanzees
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Location: equatorial Africa
Morphology: smaller body size; less pronounced sexual dimorphism
Diet: varied diet (fruits, leaves, and hunting small animals)
Behavior: live in large communities; complex social interactions emphasizing male-male bonds
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Bonobos
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Location: Near Zaire River
Morphology: similar body size to chimpanzees
Diet: varied diet
Behavior: fluid communities; complex social interactions emphasizing male-female bonds; copulate throughout female estrous cycle
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Humans
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Location: Everywhere
Morphology:adaptations of the pelvis, leg, and foot enable habitual bipedalism
Diet: generally omnivorous
Behavior: Completely dependent on culture