Unit 4

CUBISM

Plagiarism: What is it?

Intentional & Unintentional Plagiarism

How to avoid Plagiarism

• Paraphrasing

• Summarizing

• Quoting

• Citing sources when doing these

Paraphrasing

• Expressing other people’s ideas in your own words

• is usually about the same length as the original spoken or written source

• Need to cite the source

E.g: Wilsing (2015) states that

Techniques you can use

• Using synonyms

• Changing word forms

• Changing the structure of a sentence

• Changing the voice of a sentence

P75 Paraphrase 1Is it a good paraphrase? Why/Why not?

Original

Art does not evolve by itself. The ideas of people change, and art changes in order to express these ideas. If an artist changes his way of expressing himself, it means that his way of thinking and seeing reality has changed. If the change is consistent with the changing ideas of his time, then his work has improved; if not, then it has deterioted or failed.

Paraphrase

Picasso felt that art reflects ideas. At the time an artwork is created, it reflects the artist’s way of thinking. The art will be considered good when the artist’s ideas are similar to society’s ideas. The art will be considered bad when the artist’s ideas are different from the society’s ideas.

Good: uses a variety of paraphrase techniques

P75 Paraphrase 2Is it a good paraphrase? Why/Why not?

Original

Art does not evolve by itself. The ideas of people change, and art changes in order to express these ideas. If an artist changes his way of expressing himself, it means that his way of thinking and seeing reality has changed. If the change is consistent with the changing ideas of his time, then his work has improved; if not, then it has deterioted or failed.

Paraphrase

Picasso believed that art evolves with time and reflects people’s changing ideas. If an artist’s work expresses society’s ideas, then his work is accepted; if not, then, his work is rejected.

Good: uses a variety of paraphrase techniques

P75 Paraphrase 3Is it a good paraphrase? Why/Why not?

Original

Art does not evolve by itself. The ideas of people change, and art changes in order to express these ideas. If an artist changes his way of expressing himself, it means that his way of thinking and seeing reality has changed. If the change is consistent with the changing ideas of his time, then his work has improved; if not, then it has deterioted or failed.

Paraphrase

Art does not change by itself. People’s thoughts evolve, and art evolves in order to reflect these thoughts. If a painter expresses himself differently, it means that he is thinking differently. If his thoughts are the same as the thoughts of his time, then his work is better;if not, then his work is worse.

Bad: few words changed; to similar to original

P77 Example 1(Use of Synonyms)

Original

Although cubism was never itself an abstract style, the many varieties of nonobjective art it helped usher in throughout Europe would have been unthinkable without it.

Paraphrase

While cubism was not abstract, the large quantity of abstract art that followed would not have been possible in the absence of cubism.

P77 Example 1(Change of Sentence Structure)

Original

Although cubism was never itself an abstract style, the many varieties of nonobjective art it helped usher in throughout Europe would have been unthinkable without it.

Paraphrase

Cubism, which was not abstract art, opened the door for a large quantity of abstract art that followed it.

P78 Example 2(Active Passive)

original

Cubism altered forever the Renaissance conception of painting as a window into a World where three-dimensional space is projected onto the flat Picture plane by way of drawing and one-point perspective.

Paraphrase

The Renaissance conception of painting as a window into a World where three-dimensional space is projected onto the flat Picture plane by way of drawing and one-point perspective was altered forever by cubism.

P78 Example 2(Using Synonyms)

Original

Cubism altered forever the Renaissance conception of painting as a window into a World where three-dimensional space is projected onto the flat Picture plane by way of drawing and one-point perspective.

Paraphrase

The previous Notion of a canvas as a view of reality where three-dimansional space is represented on a flat surface using skillful perspective was changed irrevocably by cubism.

P78 Example 3(Changing Word Forms)

Original

The cubists concluded that reality has many definitions, and that therefore, objects in space-and indeed space itself-have no fixed or absolute form.

Paraphrase

The cubist conclusion that reality could be defined in many ways meant that objects in space-and indeed space itself-have no fixed and absolute form.

P78 Example 3(Use of Synonyms)

Original

The cubists concluded that reality has many definitions, and that therefore, objects in space-and indeed space itself-have no fixed or absolute form.

Paraphrase

The cubist conclusion that real life could be defined in a variety of ways meant that three-dimensional space could be represented through non-traditional methods.

Paraphrase the Sentences Below• Cubism had far-reaching implications for modern art.

• Cubist paintings show subjects that are broken down yet recognizable. They seem to float on the canvas.

Paraphrase the Sentences Below• Cubism had far-reaching implications for modern art.

• Cubism had a lingering influence on modern art. (synonyms)

• Cubism’s legacy had an inestimable impact on the art that followed.

(changed sentence structure)

Paraphrase the Sentences Below• Cubist paintings show subjects that are broken down yet

recognizable. They seem to float on the canvas.

• Art by cubist painers displays figures that give subtle clues to the subjects’ identity. The figures appear to hover in the painting.

(Used synonyms and changed passive to active)

• The figures in cubist paintings are often fragmented, but subtle clues in the painting reveal their identity. The figures seem to hover in the painting

(Used synonyms and changed sentence structure)

Summarizing• When you have a longer source e.g. a reading from a textbook or a

lecture, you need to summarize the text.

• To summarize;

• Find the major points & important details

• Eliminate the minor points & non-essential information

• Paraphrase the major points & important details

• Add the source e.g. Wilsing (2014) states that……..

• NEVER add your own opinion to the summaries

Main Points in Lectures

• Here is an important point…

• It is important to note that..

• It is crucial to undertand…

• I want you to think about this…

• I want to introduce a new term..

Clues for determining main points

• Title of the lecture

• Anything your lecturer writes down on the board

• The points that your lecturer talks about for a significant amount of time

• Repetition, returning to the point more than once

Recognizing Digressions or Asides

• By the way,…• As an aside,…• Incidentally,…

• A digression has little or no connection to the main points

• Don’t include it in your summary