unit 4 ecosystems - mr. raupe's biology · 2018-09-02 · affecting biodiversity and...
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Unit4Ecosystems
Howorganismsreactwitheachotherandtheirenvironment
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HS-LS2-1Usemathematicaland/orcomputationalrepresentationstosupportexplanationsoffactorsthataffectcarryingcapacityofecosystemsatdifferentscales.
HS-LS2-2UsemathematicalrepresentationstosupportandreviseexplanationsbasedonevidenceaboutfactorsaffectingbiodiversityandpopulationsinecosystemsofdifferentscalesHS-LS2-6Evaluatetheclaims,evidence,andreasoningthatthecomplexinteractionsinecosystemsmaintainrelativelyconsistentnumbersandtypesoforganismsinstableconditions,butchangingconditionsmayresultinanewecosystem.
Goalsfortheunit
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WhatisanEcosystem?
• AnecosystemisagroupofdifferentorganisminteracEngwitheachotherandtheirphysicalenvironment
• Consistsoftwofactors:
• Bio$cfactors–thingsthatareliving(plants,animals,bacteria,fungi)
• Abio$cfactors-thingsthatarenonliving(rocks,rain,sunlight,dirt)
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• EcosystemsareorganizedbyhowmanydifferenttypesofspeciesareinteracEngwitheachother
• LevelsoforganizaEonfromsmallesttolargest
Organism-1livingthing(smallest)Popula$on-agroupofthesameorganismsCommuni$es-twoormoregroupsofdifferentorganismsEcosystems-alllivingandnon-livingthingsinagivenarea
Howareecosystemsorganized?
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LevelsofOrganizaEon
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• Ahabitatistheplacethatanorganismlives
• Anicheistheroleanorganismhasintheenvironment• Anicheisusuallydefinedbywhattheorganismeats,whereitlives,andhowitreproduces
Whereorganismsliveandwhattheydo
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Niche
• Notwoorganismscanoccupythesameniche.EachorganismmusthaveslightvariancesintheirnicheotherwisetherewouldbetoomuchcompeEEon
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• OrganismscanhavemanydifferenttypesofrelaEonshipswitheachother:
• SymbioEcrelaEonships• Predator-PreyrelaEonships• CompeEEverelaEonship
RelaEonshipsamongOrganisms
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• AcloseinteracEonbetweentwoormoredifferenttypesoforganisms
• Threetypes:
• Mutualism• Commensalism• ParasiEsm
Symbiosis
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• WhenbothspeciesbenefitfromtherelaEonship
• BotharegeXngsomethingposiEve(++)
Mutualism
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• ArelaEonshipinwhichonespeciesbenefitsandtheotherisnotaffected
• Onegetssomethinggoodwhiletheotherdoesn’tgethurtoranythinggood(+Ø)
Commensalism
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• ArelaEonshipinwhichoneorganismisbenefiEngwhiletheotherisgeXngharmed
• OneisgeXngsomethinggoodwhiletheotherishurtfromtherelaEonship(+-)
ParasiEsm
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• Apredatorisanorganismthateatsanotherorganism.Thepreyistheorganismwhichthepredatoreats.
• IfthepreypopulaEonincreases,sodoesthepredatorpopulaEon• IfthepreypopulaEondecreasesthenthepredatorpopulaEonwillalso
decrease• Predatorsaredependentontheirprey
Predator-PreyRelaEonship
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CompeEEonRelaEonships
• Someorganismscompetewithotherorganismsforresourceslikefood,watermates,andspace.
• IncompeEEonrelaEonshipsonespeciesororganismwillwinoutovertheother.
• Thiscausesonspeciestothrive,grow,andreproduce,whiletheotherspeciesmaydecreaseordieoutalltogether
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CompeEEongraphsWhenspeciesfightoverfood,habitat,waterandotherresources,youcanseethatusuallyonepopulaEonismoresuccessfulandthereforthepopulaEonwillincreaseThisisalsowhynotwospeciescanoccupythesameniche
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• TherearemanythingsthatcanaffectthesizeofapopulaEon
• AlimiEngfactorissomethingthatlimitsthesizeofapopulaEon
• ExamplesoflimiEngfactorsare:food,water,predators,temperature,landavailability,andavailabilityofmates
• OnceapopulaEonhasreachedit’smaximumsize,itissaidtobeatcarryingcapacity
FactorsaffecEngpopulaEons
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CarryingCapacityGraphsCarryingcapacitygraphsshowsthepopulaEonsincreasingunElacertainpointandthenmostlyeveningout.
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• Exponen$algrowth–populaEongrowswhenresourcesareunlimited,populaEonsresulEnginaJ-shapedcurve
• Logis$cgrowth-whenresourcesarelimited,populaEonslevelingoffwhenthecarryingcapacityoftheenvironmentisreached,resulEnginanS-shapedcurve
PopulaEonGrowthPa`erns
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• TheamountofthesameorganismsinagivenareaisknownaspopulaEondensity.
• Formula:PopulaEondensity=numberoforganisms
areaPopula$onchangecanalsoaffectthenumberoforganismsinanecosystem.Itcanbecalculatedas:PopulaEonChange=(Birthrate+immigraEon)–(deathrate+emigraEon)ImmigraEon=comingintoapopulaEonEmigraEon=leavingapopulaEon
PopulaEonDensity
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• OneofthemostimportantthingstounderstandishowpopulaEonsrespondtochangesintheenvironment
• Ifanecosystemisstable(veryli`lechange)thenpopulaEonsinthatecosystemwillbefairlyconstant
• Thisistheidealecosystemwithaverageresourceavailability
Ecosystems,PopulaEonsandChange
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• Ifthereissomechangeinanecosystem,thensomepopulaEonsmaybeaffected,butmostcanbounceback
• However,isthereisextremechangetotheecosystem,thenpopulaEonsdestabilizeandcandecreaseeventoapointofexEncEon
Ecosystems,PopulaEonsandChange
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• Whenecosystemsundergoextremechanges,thehabitatofmostanimalsisdestroyed,alongwithfoodavailabilityandotherresources
• Changescanbecausedbyclimate,extremeweather,fires,waterpolluEon,dams,andindustrializaEon
Ecosystems,PopulaEonsandChange
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• SuccessionisthegradualprocessbywhichecosystemschangeanddevelopoverEme.Nothingremainsthesameandhabitatsareconstantlychanging.
Succession