unit 4. experience as knowledge
DESCRIPTION
Unit 4. Experience as knowledge [Philosophy of Science]TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unit 4Experience as knowledge
Data-oriented methods and structure
![Page 2: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Four paradigms
![Page 3: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Empiricism
Interpretative theory
Critical theory Postmodernism
4paradigms
![Page 4: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Empiricism: a theory of knowledge that says knowledge is gained through experience
• Interpretative theory: a theory of knowledge which aims at understanding rather than fact gathering
• Critical theory: theories aimed at both understanding (knowledge)and critiquing society
• Postmodernism: postmodern thinkers question the idea of a single truth
![Page 5: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Last week
• Theory-ladenness• demarcation• Confirmation• Falsification• Paradigms• Non-scientific factors influencing science
![Page 6: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Theory-ladenness of data
• Data is infected with theory• Your worldview influences your theory• So your worldview affects results
![Page 7: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
From theory to data
![Page 8: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
August Comte (1798-1857): Positivism
![Page 9: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Positivism
• Understanding the laws that control social reality
• Empirical approach, confirming theory with data
![Page 10: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Structural functionalism
![Page 11: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Structural functionalism
• Society is a whole, a structure• All parts of the structure are interrelated e.g.
everything has a function• Dysfunction leads to disequilibrium and therefore
to change• macro-level research
![Page 12: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Émile Durkheim (1858-1917)
![Page 13: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Social facts:
• are external to the actor• are to be studied empirically, not
philosophically• Invisible, only discernable by induction
![Page 14: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Example:
• Crime • is part of the social structure • releases social tensions• Is functional
![Page 15: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
analogies
• The human body as analogy for the state• The human body as analogy for a company
![Page 16: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Criticism
• Tautological• Deterministic• Without context (historical, cultural etc.)• Uncritical of society
![Page 17: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Tautological character of structural functionalism
• Every part of a structure has a function• The function of every part is being part of the
structure
![Page 19: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Determinism
![Page 20: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Determinism
• There is no agency• Individuals are seen from a distance and have
no free will
![Page 21: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Uncritical and without context
• If poverty, racism, sexism etc. exist, they must have a function
• This supports the status quo
![Page 22: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Countering criticismKarl Popper revisited
![Page 23: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Combining functionalism with falsification
• Base theory on empirical research• Make conjectures• Falsify theory
![Page 24: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
From data to theory
![Page 25: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Grounded theory
• From data to theory• Qualitative• Generalisable results
![Page 26: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Data Coding Concepts Categories Theory
![Page 27: Unit 4. Experience as knowledge](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061112/5456a2c1b1af9fba5d8b4651/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
criticism
• Naïve, it is impossible to free yourself from pre-conceptions