unit 4 object relational modeling. key concepts object-relational modeling outcomes and process...
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Unit 4
Object Relational Modeling
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Key ConceptsObject-Relational Modeling outcomes and
processRelational data modelNormalizationAnomaliesFunctional dependencyReferential integrityObject-oriented extensions to relational
modelingTranslating from a CDM to an ORM.
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Object-relational data modeling converts a conceptual data model to a logical data model based on relational and object-oriented technology.
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Purposes of Object-Relational ModelingProduce database structures
Create entity classesEnhance and finalize the attributes in the data model
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What Is a Relational Data Model?Based on the concept of relations
(tables of data)Relationships established by matching
primary and foreign keysRelational DBMSs (RDBMS) are the most
commonly used in industry today.Many DBMS vendors have begun adding
object-oriented features, creating an object-relational model.
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What Is a Relation?A named, two-dimensional table with the
following properties:All cells contain are atomic (single-value)
data.Entries in columns are from the same set of
values (domain range).Each row is unique (i.e. has a nonempty
primary key).Column order does not matter.Row order does not matter.
This is called First Normal Form (1NF)
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Homework Review Question #2 page 234
Give one example of each of the three normal forms (other than those included in this chapter)
Give an example of 1NF now
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Example relation: note uniqueness of rows guaranteed by Emp_ID. Primary keys are underlined
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What Is Normalization?The process of converting complex data
structures into well-structured relationsWell-structured relation
Contains a minimum amount of redundancies Allows rows to be inserted, modified, and
deleted without introducing errors or inconsistencies
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Consequences of Relations that Are Not Well StructuredInsertion anomaly – adding new rows
forces user to create duplicate dataUpdate anomaly – changes in one row
force changes in other rows because of duplication
Deletion anomaly – deleting rows may cause a loss of data that would be needed for other future rows
Data integrity requires well-structured relations.
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What Is a Functional Dependency?The functional dependency of attribute
B on attribute A is represented by an arrow A B, and implies that every valid value of attribute A uniquely determines the value of attribute B.
Determinant – the attribute on the left side of the arrow
All primary keys are determinants
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The Normal Forms1st NF
All relations are in 1NFRelations do not include multivalued attributes
2nd NF Relations with no partial-key functional
dependencies3rd NF
Relations with no transitive functional dependenciesHigher
Normal forms: 4th, Boyce Codd, 5th – mainly theoretical, not needed for most OOSAD problems
Main goal is to achieve 3NF for all relations.
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Second Normal Form (2NF)1NF, plus no partial key functional
dependenciesIf the primary key is a composite key
(composed of more than one attribute) it is possible for an attribute to be functionally dependent on only part of the key
Avoid partial dependencies for 2NF
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Homework Review Question #2 page 234
Give one example of each of the three normal forms (other than those included in this chapter)
Give an example of 2NF now
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This table has a composite key (Emp_ID and Course)
Functional dependencies:Emp_ID Name, Dept, SalaryEmp_ID, Course Date_Completed
Name, Dept, and Salary all have partial key dependencies, causing duplication of data.
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Solution:
Break the relation into two separate relations.
1:N relationship linked by Emp_ID
No partial key dependencies
Well structured
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Third Normal Form (3NF)2NF, plus no transitive functional
dependenciesGiven three attributes in a relation A, B, C
If A B and B C, this forms a transitive functional dependency
Avoid transitive dependencies for 3NF
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Here, Customer_ID Salesperson, and Salesperson Region, cause a transitive dependency
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Break the relation into two separate relations.
1:N relationship linked by SalesPerson
No transitive dependencies
Well structured
Solution:
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Homework Review Question #2 page 234
Give one example of each of the three normal forms (other than those included in this chapter)
Give an example of 3NF now
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Primary and Foreign KeysPrimary key – one or more attributes that
together form a unique identifier for rows in the relation
Foreign key – an attribute that appears as a non-primary key attribute or as part of a primary key in one relation and as a primary key attribute in another relation
Relationship – rows in one relation are matched with related rows in another relation through foreign keys
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Referential IntegrityA rule that states that any foreign key
value (on the relation of the many side) MUST match a primary key value in the relation of the one side
No foreign key can contain a value that is not present in a primary key in the other relation
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Homework Review Question #4 page 234
If referential integrity is violated, what problems will result?
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Object-Oriented Extensions to Relational Modeling
GeneralizationMultivalued attributes (OK to violate atomicity requirement of 1NF)
AggregationObject identifiersPointersBehaviorsRicher set of data types
Object-relational Data Model
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Translating Conceptual Data Model to Object-Relational Model
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Relational approach, forces atomic attributes
Object-relational approach, with multivalued attribute
Comparison of techniques for translating multivalued attributes
STUDENT (StudentID, Name, Address)STUDENT_PHONES(StudentID, PhoneNumber)
STUDENT (StudentID, Name, Address, {PhoneNumbers})
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When constructing 1:N relationships, the foreign key is added as an attribute to the relation on the N side.
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Associative class and M:N relationship
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Homework Review Question #8 page 234
How are relationships between classes represented in relational notation?
Homework Review Question #9 page 234
How is a foreign key represented in relational notation?
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Associative ClassesAssociative class is translated into a
relation whose primary key is a composite of the primary keys of the other two classes.
M:N relationship between Work and Skill is implemented as an extra relation UseSkills, whose primary key is composed of the primary keys of Work and Skill.
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Unary 1:N relationship is represented by a foreign key managerID, which matches with the empId primary key of the same relation.
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Unary M:N relationship is represented by a separate relation Prerequisite, whose primary key is composed of two primary key values from the Course relation.
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Other RelationshipsAggregation and Composition – use
same rules that apply to association. Composition is 1:N, aggregation is M:N
Generalization – no uniform standard exists. Can make use of stereotypes to annotate generalizations
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Merging Object Relationships
Similar or redundant object relations can be merged into one
Example:
merge
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Problems with MergingSynonyms – two relations with different
attribute names referring to same meaningSolution – decide on a single standard name
Homonyms – two relations with same attribute names referring to different meaningsSolution – create new attribute for second meaning
Dependencies between non-key attributes after mergeSolution – normalize the merged relation
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PVF WebStore Conceptual Data ModelUse Figure 7.31 on page 208 of Object-
Oriented Systems Analysis and Design