unit 4 reconstruction: the nation reunited. unit focus in this unit, students will learn how the...

Unit 4Unit 4

Reconstruction:

The Nation Reunited

Unit FocusUnit Focus

• In this unit, students will learn how the United States reunited after the Civil War. Students will understand how beliefs and ideals of the North and South influenced changes to laws and the Constitution. The students examine the work of the Freedman’s Bureau to understand how individuals, groups, and institutions can affect society. Finally, by thinking about conflict and change and production, distribution, and consumption, students will learn the effects of the Civil War on the daily life and the economy of the North and South.

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

How do beliefs and How do beliefs and Ideals influence the Ideals influence the

decisions people make?decisions people make?



How does conflict How does conflict cause change?cause change?


What were the intentional What were the intentional and unintentionaland unintentional

Consequences of whatConsequences of whatpeople said and did as people said and did as

a part of Reconstruction?a part of Reconstruction?




How did the destructionHow did the destructionof the Civil War determineof the Civil War determine

the economics of the economics of Reconstruction?Reconstruction?


the economics of the economics of Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

Learning StandardsLearning Standards

•SS5H1SS5H1 e e

The student will explain the causes, The student will explain the causes, major events, and consequences of major events, and consequences of the Civil War.the Civil War.

•SS5H2 a-b-cSS5H2 a-b-c The student will analyze the effects The student will analyze the effects

of Reconstruction on American lifeof Reconstruction on American life

Learning StandardsLearning Standards• SS5CG1 c-dSS5CG1 c-d The student will explain how a citizen’s The student will explain how a citizen’s

rights are protected under the U. S. rights are protected under the U. S. Constitution.Constitution.

• SS5CG2 a-bSS5CG2 a-b The student will explain the process by The student will explain the process by

which amendments to the U. S which amendments to the U. S Constitution are made.Constitution are made.

• SS5CG3 bSS5CG3 b The student will explain how amendments The student will explain how amendments

to the to the U. S Constitution have maintained a U. S Constitution have maintained a

representative democracy.representative democracy.

Learning StandardsLearning Standards

•SS5E2 aSS5E2 a The student will describe the functions The student will describe the functions

of four major sectors in the U. S. of four major sectors in the U. S. economy.economy.

•SS5E3 a-bSS5E3 a-b The student will describe how The student will describe how

consumers and businesses interact in consumers and businesses interact in the united States across time.the united States across time.

Enduring Understandings

Enduring Understandings














the production, distribution and the production, distribution and consumptions of goods andconsumptions of goods and

services duringservices duringReconstruction?Reconstruction?


the production, distribution and the production, distribution and consumptions of goods andconsumptions of goods and

services duringservices duringReconstruction?Reconstruction?

EFFECTS OF THE WAREFFECTS OF THE WAR

The Civil War had major effects on The Civil War had major effects on the North and the South. the North and the South. Thousands of young men from Thousands of young men from both regions died or were both regions died or were wounded during the war. Many wounded during the war. Many returned home missing legs, arms, returned home missing legs, arms, or bearing other scars from the or bearing other scars from the fighting. Both sides experienced fighting. Both sides experienced great human suffering.great human suffering.

• Economically: Economically: The two regions were The two regions were affected differently. The North prospered. affected differently. The North prospered. Its manufacturing and industries grew. Its manufacturing and industries grew. More people were employed as the Union More people were employed as the Union worked to support its war effort. worked to support its war effort. The The southern economy, on the other hand, southern economy, on the other hand, suffered. The South had depended on suffered. The South had depended on cash crops. The end of slavery meant cash crops. The end of slavery meant that it no longer had its main source of that it no longer had its main source of labor. Since most of the fighting took labor. Since most of the fighting took place in the South, many of the region’s place in the South, many of the region’s farms and railroads had been destroyed. farms and railroads had been destroyed. At the end of the war, the North had At the end of the war, the North had grown stronger. The South faced an grown stronger. The South faced an uncertain future.uncertain future.

EFFECTS OF THE WAREFFECTS OF THE WARNORTHNORTH

• Prospered Prospered economicallyeconomically

• Manufacturing and Manufacturing and industries grewindustries grew

• New technologiesNew technologies• Boost in steel Boost in steel

productionproduction• Transportation Transportation

improvedimproved• More employedMore employed

SOUTHSOUTH

• Cities, farms, and Cities, farms, and homes burnedhomes burned

• Railroads and Railroads and bridges destroyedbridges destroyed

• Businesses and Businesses and industries destroyedindustries destroyed

• 300,000 men dead300,000 men dead• Suffered Suffered

economicallyeconomically• No main source of No main source of

laborlabor

• 1865 1865

March 3March 3 The Freedmen's Bureau established.The Freedmen's Bureau established.Provides assistance to emancipated African Provides assistance to emancipated African Americans. Abolished in 1872. Americans. Abolished in 1872.

• April 8 Lee surrenders.April 8 Lee surrenders.Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House. Joseph E. Johnston's Appomattox Court House. Joseph E. Johnston's surrender in North Carolina on April 18 surrender in North Carolina on April 18 effectively ends the Civil War.effectively ends the Civil War.

April 15 President Abraham Lincoln assassinated.April 15 President Abraham Lincoln assassinated.Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes president. president.

December 6December 6 13th Amendment ratified.13th Amendment ratified.Abolishes slavery in the United States.Abolishes slavery in the United States.

• Black Codes enacted.Black Codes enacted.Southern states enact laws restricting rights Southern states enact laws restricting rights of African Americans.of African Americans.

• 18661866

April 9 Civil Rights Act of 1866April 9 Civil Rights Act of 1866

Confers citizenship on African Americans and Confers citizenship on African Americans and guarantees equal rights.guarantees equal rights.

• May 1-3 Memphis Race RiotMay 1-3 Memphis Race RiotWhite civilians and police kill 46 African White civilians and police kill 46 African Americans and destroy 90 houses, schools, and Americans and destroy 90 houses, schools, and four churches in Memphis, Tennessee.four churches in Memphis, Tennessee.

• July 30 New Orleans Race RiotJuly 30 New Orleans Race RiotPolice kill more than 40 black and white Police kill more than 40 black and white Republicans and wound more than 150.Republicans and wound more than 150.

• Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan A secret organization to intimidate African A secret organization to intimidate African Americans and restore white rule is founded in Americans and restore white rule is founded in Pulaski, Tennessee.Pulaski, Tennessee.

• 18671867

Reconstruction ActsReconstruction Acts

Congress divides the former Congress divides the former Confederacy into five military Confederacy into five military districts and requires elections districts and requires elections in which African American men in which African American men can vote.can vote.

• 18681868

• March-May March-May President Johnson's President Johnson's Impeachment TrialImpeachment TrialBy one vote, the U.S. Senate fails to remove By one vote, the U.S. Senate fails to remove the president from office.the president from office.

• July 21 July 21 Fourteenth Amendment ratified. Fourteenth Amendment ratified. Guarantees due process and equal protection Guarantees due process and equal protection under the law to African Americans.under the law to African Americans.

• November 3 November 3 Ulysses S. Grant elected Ulysses S. Grant elected President.President.The former Union general becomes the 18th The former Union general becomes the 18th president.president.

• 18691869

• First Redeemer GovernmentFirst Redeemer GovernmentTennessee is the first state Tennessee is the first state to replace a bi-racial to replace a bi-racial Republican state Republican state government with an all-government with an all-white Democratic white Democratic government, followed by government, followed by Georgia, North Carolina, and Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia in 1870.Virginia in 1870.

18701870

• February 23 First black senator February 23 First black senator elected.elected.Hiram Revels of Mississippi elected Hiram Revels of Mississippi elected to U. S. Senate as the first black to U. S. Senate as the first black senator.senator.

• March 30 Fifteenth Amendment March 30 Fifteenth Amendment ratified.ratified.Extends the vote to all male Extends the vote to all male citizens regardless of race or citizens regardless of race or previous condition of servitude.previous condition of servitude.

18711871

• Forty-second Congress.Forty-second Congress.Five black members in the House of Five black members in the House of Representatives: Representatives: – Benjamin S. Turner of AlabamaBenjamin S. Turner of Alabama– Josiah T. Walls of FloridaJosiah T. Walls of Florida– Robert Brown Elliot, Joseph H. Robert Brown Elliot, Joseph H.

Rainey and Robert Carlos DeLarge Rainey and Robert Carlos DeLarge of South Carolinaof South Carolina

• 18721872• Freedmen's Bureau abolished.Freedmen's Bureau abolished.

• First African American First African American governor.governor.P. B. S. Pinchback, acting governor P. B. S. Pinchback, acting governor of Louisiana from December 9, 1872 of Louisiana from December 9, 1872 to January 13, 1873. Pinchback, a to January 13, 1873. Pinchback, a black politician, was the first black black politician, was the first black to serve as a state governor, to serve as a state governor, although due to white resistance, although due to white resistance, his tenure is extremely short.his tenure is extremely short.

18741874• Democrats control the Forty-Democrats control the Forty-

third Congressthird CongressFor the first time since before the For the first time since before the Civil War, Democrats control both Civil War, Democrats control both houses of Congress. houses of Congress. – Robert Smalls, black hero of the Robert Smalls, black hero of the

Civil War, elected to Congress as Civil War, elected to Congress as representative of South Carolina. representative of South Carolina.

– Blanche K. Bruce elected to U. S. Blanche K. Bruce elected to U. S. Senate.Senate.

18751875

• March 1 March 1 Civil Rights Act of 1875 Civil Rights Act of 1875

Guarantees equal rights to African Guarantees equal rights to African Americans in public Americans in public accommodations and jury service. accommodations and jury service. Ruled unconstitutional in 1883.Ruled unconstitutional in 1883.

18671867

• Disputed Presidential electionDisputed Presidential electionRepublicans challenged the validity Republicans challenged the validity of the voting in Souh Carolina, of the voting in Souh Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. Florida, and Louisiana.

Wade Hampton inaugurated as Wade Hampton inaugurated as governor of South Carolina.governor of South Carolina.The election of Hampton, a leader in The election of Hampton, a leader in the Confederacy, confirms fears that the Confederacy, confirms fears that the South is not committed to the South is not committed to Reconstruction.Reconstruction.

• 18771877• Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes

inaugurated President. inaugurated President. Electoral Commission awards Electoral Commission awards disputed electoral votes tot he disputed electoral votes tot he republican candidate. republican candidate.

• Reconstruction ends. Reconstruction ends.

President Rutherford Hayes President Rutherford Hayes withdraws federal troops from the withdraws federal troops from the South protecting the Civil Rights of South protecting the Civil Rights of African Americans.African Americans.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.

* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan

1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR

* “loyal assemblies”

* They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the Required 50% of the

number of 1860 voters number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance oath of allegiance (swearing they had (swearing they had never voluntarily aided never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).the rebellion ).

Required a state Required a state constitutional constitutional convention before the convention before the election of state election of state officials.officials.

Enacted specific Enacted specific safeguards of safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) “Iron-Clad” Oath.

“State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator Charles Sumner]

“Conquered Provinces” Position[PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens]

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

PocketVeto

PocketVeto

Lincoln is Lincoln is AssassinatedAssassinated

Lincoln is AssassinatedLincoln is Assassinated

OOn April 14, 1865, n April 14, 1865, President Lincoln President Lincoln attended a play at attended a play at Ford’s Theater in Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. John Washington D.C. John Wilkes Booth, an actor Wilkes Booth, an actor and Confederate and Confederate sympathizer, entered sympathizer, entered the private box and the private box and shot Lincoln in the shot Lincoln in the head. Lincoln died head. Lincoln died several hours later. several hours later.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

The Freedmen's BureauThe Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Land; often referred to as the Freedmen's Bureau, was established in the War Department by an act of March 3, 1865. The Bureau supervised all relief and educational activities relating to refugees and freedmen, including issuing rations, clothing and medicine. The Bureau also assumed custody of confiscated lands or property in the former Confederate States, border states, District of Columbia, and Indian Territory. The bureau records were created or maintained by bureau headquarters, the assistant commissioners and the state superintendents of education and included personnel records and a variety of standard reports concerning bureau programs and conditions in the states.

HELD OWNCOURT OF

LAW

HELP WITH CONTRACTS

AND FAIR PAY

GAVE FOODAND CLOTHING

RECEIVEDMEDICAL CARE

GAVE LAND

HELP FINDLOST RELATIVES

STARTED COLLEGES

BUILT SCHOOLSTAUGHT TO READ

AND WRITE

THE FREEDMEN’S

BUREAU

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau

The Freedmen’s Bureau was a failure The Freedmen’s Bureau was a failure

BECAUSEBECAUSE

the federal government did not the federal government did not provide adequate provide adequate (enough) (enough) fundsfunds

(money) (money) to successfully implementto successfully implement (begin) (begin) all the programs the agency all the programs the agency

was designed to providewas designed to provide..

13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

President Andrew Johnson

President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian

Democrat.

Anti-Aristocrat.

White Supremacist.

Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Growing Northern Alarm!

Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state

constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES BLACK CODES

Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?

The Civil Rights Act of The Civil Rights Act of 18661866

• A federal law in the United States declaring that everyone born in the U.S. and not subject to any foreign power is a citizen, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. As citizens they could make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property. Persons who denied these rights to former slaves were guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction faced a fine not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both.

• The activities of organizations such The activities of organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan undermined the as the Ku Klux Klan undermined the workings of this act and it failed to workings of this act and it failed to guarantee the civil rights of African guarantee the civil rights of African Americans. This statute does not Americans. This statute does not cover visitors, diplomats, and Native cover visitors, diplomats, and Native Americans in the United States on Americans in the United States on reservations. It was aimed at the reservations. It was aimed at the Freedmen (freed slaves) and was a Freedmen (freed slaves) and was a major policy during Reconstruction. major policy during Reconstruction. It was vetoed by President Andrew It was vetoed by President Andrew JohnsonJohnson,, then passed over his veto then passed over his veto by Radical Republicans in Congressby Radical Republicans in Congress

Black CodesBlack CodesPurpose:

* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.

* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

Johnson the Martyr / Samson

Johnson the Martyr / SamsonIf my blood is to be shed If my blood is to be shed

because I vindicate the because I vindicate the Union and the preservation Union and the preservation of this government in its of this government in its original purity and original purity and character, let it be shed; character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and blood that now warms and animates my existence animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union.libation to the Union. (February 1866) (February 1866)

• The looming showdown between Lincoln and the The looming showdown between Lincoln and the Congress over competing reconstruction plans never Congress over competing reconstruction plans never occurred. The president was occurred. The president was assassinated on April 14, on April 14, 1865. His successor, 1865. His successor, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, of Tennessee, lacked his predecessor’s skills in handling people; lacked his predecessor’s skills in handling people; those skills would be badly missed. Johnson’s plan those skills would be badly missed. Johnson’s plan envisioned the following: envisioned the following:

• Pardons would be granted to those taking a loyalty Pardons would be granted to those taking a loyalty oath oath

• No pardons would be available to high Confederate No pardons would be available to high Confederate officials and persons owning property valued in officials and persons owning property valued in excess of $20,000 excess of $20,000

• A state needed to abolish A state needed to abolish slavery before being before being readmitted readmitted

• A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance before being readmitted. before being readmitted.

• Most of the seceded states began compliance with Most of the seceded states began compliance with the president’s program. Congress was not in session, the president’s program. Congress was not in session, so there was no immediate objection from that so there was no immediate objection from that quarter. However, Congress reconvened in December quarter. However, Congress reconvened in December and refused to seat the Southern representatives. and refused to seat the Southern representatives.

• Reconstruction had produced another deadlock Reconstruction had produced another deadlock between the president and Congress.between the president and Congress.

14th Amendment14th AmendmentRatified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

The Balance of Power in Congress

The Balance of Power in Congress

State White Citizens Freedmen

SC 291,000 411,000

MS 353,000 436,000

LA 357,000 350,000

GA 591,000 465,000

AL 596,000 437,000

VA 719,000 533,000

NC 631,000 331,000

Radical Plan for Readmission

Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were

subject to military supervision.

Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867


Military Reconstruction Act

* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.

* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.



Command of the Army Act

* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.

Tenure of Office Act

* The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.

Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government.

A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

President Johnson’s Impeachment

President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

SharecroppingSharecropping


• Sharecropping is a system of farming Sharecropping is a system of farming in which a in which a land owner land owner and a and a farmerfarmer enter into an agreement to work enter into an agreement to work together and share the profits of the together and share the profits of the harvest. The landowner would harvest. The landowner would provide money for food, housing, provide money for food, housing, seeds, work animals and others seeds, work animals and others needs on a loan basis to be repaid at needs on a loan basis to be repaid at the end of the growing season.the end of the growing season.

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.


• Sharecropping was really not much Sharecropping was really not much better than the condition of slavery better than the condition of slavery and a very difficult way to make a and a very difficult way to make a living. The farmer could not get living. The farmer could not get ahead because of the money needed ahead because of the money needed to plant and harvest and they rarely to plant and harvest and they rarely saw a profit. saw a profit.

Black & White Political Participation

Black & White Political Participation

Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.

Blacks were politically unprepared.

Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The Failure of Federal Enforcement

The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 &

1871 [also known as the KKK Act].

“The Lost Cause.”

The rise of the“Bourbons.”

Redeemers (prewarDemocrats and Union Whigs).

The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875

Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

Think About ITThink About IT

• Comparing: How were the black Comparing: How were the black codes similar to slavery?codes similar to slavery?

• Summarize the Reconstruction Summarize the Reconstruction AmendmentsAmendments

The South During The South During ReconstructionReconstruction

• Main Idea: As African Americans began to Main Idea: As African Americans began to take part in civic life in the South, they take part in civic life in the South, they faced resistance, including violence from faced resistance, including violence from the Whites.the Whites.

African Americans in African Americans in GovernmentGovernment

• Played important roles in Reconstruction Played important roles in Reconstruction politics as voters and officialspolitics as voters and officials

• Contributed heavily to some Republican Contributed heavily to some Republican victoriesvictories

Scalawags and CarpetbaggersScalawags and Carpetbaggers

ScalawagsScalawags Southern whites who were non-slave holding and Southern whites who were non-slave holding and

backed Republicansbacked Republicans CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers

Northern whites to moved south after the war and Northern whites to moved south after the war and backed Republicansbacked Republicans

Many Southerners accused Reconstruction Many Southerners accused Reconstruction governments of corruption. Although some governments of corruption. Although some officials made money illegally, probably less officials made money illegally, probably less corruption occurred in the South than in the corruption occurred in the South than in the North.North.

Resistance to ReconstructionResistance to Reconstruction

• Most Southern whites opposed efforts to Most Southern whites opposed efforts to give rights to African Americansgive rights to African Americans

• African Americans were oftenAfrican Americans were often– Refused land to rentRefused land to rent– Refused credit at storesRefused credit at stores– Not hired by white employersNot hired by white employers

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan

Secret society who used fear and violence to Secret society who used fear and violence to deny rights to freed men and women.deny rights to freed men and women. Killed thousands of African Americans while Killed thousands of African Americans while

wearing sheets and hoodswearing sheets and hoods Burned African American schools, churches and Burned African American schools, churches and

homeshomes Supported by many Southern planters and Supported by many Southern planters and

DemocratsDemocrats Congress passed several rather Congress passed several rather

unsuccessful laws to stop the Klan in 1870 unsuccessful laws to stop the Klan in 1870 and 1871.and 1871.

KKKKKK

EducationEducation

• Education improved for both races during Education improved for both races during ReconstructionReconstruction

• 1870s – public schools created for both 1870s – public schools created for both racesraces

• Attended separate schoolsAttended separate schools

FarmingFarming

• SharecroppingSharecropping– Farmer works land for an owner who provides Farmer works land for an owner who provides

equipment and seeds and receives a share of equipment and seeds and receives a share of the cropsthe crops

Answer the Essential QuestionAnswer the Essential Question

WHAT KINDS OF RESISTANCE DID AFRICAN WHAT KINDS OF RESISTANCE DID AFRICAN AMERICANS FACE AS THEY TRIED TO AMERICANS FACE AS THEY TRIED TO EXERCISE THEIR RIGHTS AS CITIZENS OF EXERCISE THEIR RIGHTS AS CITIZENS OF THE SOUTH?THE SOUTH?

Change in the SouthChange in the South

• Essential Question: Essential Question: – How did the South change politically, How did the South change politically,

economically and socially when economically and socially when Reconstruction ended?Reconstruction ended?

Panic of 1873Panic of 1873

• Severe economic depressionSevere economic depression

• Small banks close, stock market plummetsSmall banks close, stock market plummets

• Blame for hard times fell on the Blame for hard times fell on the Republicans and the Grant AdministrationRepublicans and the Grant Administration

Panic of 1873Panic of 1873

Election of 1876Election of 1876

• Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel Tilden (Democrat)Samuel Tilden (Democrat)

• Hayes wins although the outcome of the Hayes wins although the outcome of the election is disputedelection is disputed

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

Hayes presidential victory is disputed and Hayes presidential victory is disputed and Democrats threaten to challenge the Democrats threaten to challenge the decision. Party leaders meet in secret to decision. Party leaders meet in secret to work out an agreement.work out an agreement.

Agreement includes some favors for the Agreement includes some favors for the SouthSouth New gov’t would give more aid to the SouthNew gov’t would give more aid to the South Republicans would withdraw all troops from the Republicans would withdraw all troops from the

SouthSouth Democrats in turn, promised to maintain African Democrats in turn, promised to maintain African

American rightsAmerican rights

A New PolicyA New Policy

• Hayes announces intention to let Hayes announces intention to let Southerners handle radical issuesSoutherners handle radical issues

• Federal government would no longer Federal government would no longer attempt to reshape Southern societyattempt to reshape Southern society

• Reconstruction has come to an endReconstruction has come to an end

Change in the SouthChange in the South

• After Reconstruction, the South After Reconstruction, the South experienced a political shift and industrial experienced a political shift and industrial growth.growth.

Democrats in ControlDemocrats in Control

• Large landowners, merchants, bankers, Large landowners, merchants, bankers, business leadersbusiness leaders

• Adopted conservative practicesAdopted conservative practices– Lower taxesLower taxes– Cut government spendingCut government spending– Eliminated many social services begun during Eliminated many social services begun during

ReconstructionReconstruction– Cut public educationCut public education

Rise of the “New South”Rise of the “New South”

• By the 1880s, forward-looking Southerners By the 1880s, forward-looking Southerners were convinced that their region must were convinced that their region must develop a strong industrial economy. develop a strong industrial economy. They argued that the South lost the Civil They argued that the South lost the Civil War because its industry didn’t match the War because its industry didn’t match the North’s.North’s.

Rise of the “New South”Rise of the “New South”

• Built industry based on coal, iron, tobacco, Built industry based on coal, iron, tobacco, cotton and lumbercotton and lumber

• Textile mills, tobacco manufacturing, iron Textile mills, tobacco manufacturing, iron and steel millsand steel mills

• Industry grows as a result of cheap, Industry grows as a result of cheap, reliable workforcereliable workforce

• Agriculture is still the South’s main Agriculture is still the South’s main economic activityeconomic activity

Rural EconomyRural Economy

• Supporters of the “New South” hope to Supporters of the “New South” hope to advance agriculture as welladvance agriculture as well

• Too much debt for farmersToo much debt for farmers• To repay debt, farmers rely on cash crops To repay debt, farmers rely on cash crops

like cottonlike cotton– Too much cotton forced prices downToo much cotton forced prices down

• Sharecropping and reliance on one cash Sharecropping and reliance on one cash crop keeps Southern agriculture from crop keeps Southern agriculture from advancingadvancing

A Divided SocietyA Divided Society

• As Reconstruction ended, African As Reconstruction ended, African Americans’ dreams for justice faded. In Americans’ dreams for justice faded. In the last 20 years of the 1800s, racism the last 20 years of the 1800s, racism became firmly set in the culture. became firmly set in the culture. Individuals took steps to keep African Individuals took steps to keep African Americans separated from white and to Americans separated from white and to deny them basic rights. deny them basic rights.

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws

• What is it?What is it?– Laws that required African Americans and Laws that required African Americans and

whites to be separated in almost every public whites to be separated in almost every public placeplace

• ImpactImpact– Segregation! Unequal facilities and Segregation! Unequal facilities and

accommodationsaccommodations

Poll TaxPoll Tax

• What is it?What is it?– A fee people had to pay to voteA fee people had to pay to vote

• ImpactImpact– Most African Americans could not afford the Most African Americans could not afford the

tax and therefore could not votetax and therefore could not vote

Literacy TestLiteracy Test

• What is it?What is it?– Voters take a test in which they have to read Voters take a test in which they have to read

and explain difficult parts of the Constitution in and explain difficult parts of the Constitution in order to vote.order to vote.

• ImpactImpact– Because most African Americans had little Because most African Americans had little

education, literacy tests prevented many from education, literacy tests prevented many from voting.voting.

Grandfather ClauseGrandfather Clause

• What is it?What is it?– Law that allowed people whose fathers or Law that allowed people whose fathers or

grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote.to vote.

• ImpactImpact– Literacy tests could keep some whites from Literacy tests could keep some whites from

voting. These laws allowed them to do so. voting. These laws allowed them to do so. Because African Americans could not vote Because African Americans could not vote until 1867, they were excluded.until 1867, they were excluded.

LynchingLynching

• What is it?What is it?– When an angry mob kills a person by hangingWhen an angry mob kills a person by hanging

• ImpactImpact– Fear! African Americans were lynched Fear! African Americans were lynched

because they were suspected of crimes, or because they were suspected of crimes, or because they did not behave the way they because they did not behave the way they should.should.

LynchingLynching

Plessy vs. FergusonPlessy vs. Ferguson

• The Supreme Court decides to uphold the The Supreme Court decides to uphold the idea of “segregation of the South” by idea of “segregation of the South” by handing down the decision of Plessy vs. handing down the decision of Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)Ferguson (1896)

• Impact: Impact: Said separate is equal. The Said separate is equal. The problem is however, that the facilities are problem is however, that the facilities are separate but in no way, equal. Gave legal separate but in no way, equal. Gave legal support to Southern segregation and support to Southern segregation and inequality.inequality.

Answer the Essential QuestionAnswer the Essential Question

• How did the South change politically, How did the South change politically, economically and socially when economically and socially when Reconstruction ended?Reconstruction ended?

unit 4 reconstruction: the nation reunited. unit focus in this unit, students will learn how the...

Documents

warthe civil war

effects of reconstruction

war effort

major effects

s constitution

south influenced changes

ss5cg3 b

regions farms