Unit 4 Canada’s Cultural Connection Review SheetKey Words

Words Definition

Assimilate To absorb into the cultural tradition of a population or group community

Introduction to the study of population (Chapter 16)Demography: the study of human populations in simple termsImmigrate: people that migrate to the country from other countries around the worldEmigrate: people that migrate away from the country to other countries

USE RATES, NOT NUMBER (Relative measurement)direction comparison on population is pointless since countries are vary in size

Birth Rate Death Rate

Gives the number of births per year for every 1000 people

Gives the number of deaths per year for every 1000 people

Natural Growth Rate

Birth rate – Death rate = Natural Growth RateEg. Canada’s natural growth rate: 10/1000 – 7/1000 = 3/1000 = 0.3%

Emigration Rate Immigration Rate

Gives the number of emigrants per year for every 1000 people

Gives the number of immigrants per year for every 1000 people

Net Migration Rate Population Growth Rate (PRG)

Immigration Rate – Emigration rate = Net Migration RateEg. CA Net Migration Rate: 7/1000 – 2/1000 = 5/1000(0.5%)Only a few countries can have that high net migration rate

Natural Growth Rate + Net Migration Rate = PGREg. CA PGR: 3/1000 + 5/1000 = 8/1000 or 0.8%

Doubling Time: The time that takes a country to double its current population growth rateRules of 70: A rule use to calculate the doubling time by dividing the population growth rate by 70Roles of different ages in Demographers Children (under age 15) Working adults (age 15 to 64) Older adults (65 or over)Dependency Load

The percentage of population in a country that needs to be supported or depended on the working adults (which is the age group of children and older adults)

High dependency load a great deal or pressure on the society to support that much of Low dependency load

Population Pyramids: a serious of horizontal bar graphs for the male population placed beside a similar series of bar graphs for the female population Canada Changes in Population Structure

Population in Canada grew rapidly in 1950’s because of two reasons: Many immigrants came into the country during that period (Hungarians and Italians) People were having moderately large families baby boom

Baby boom: an era in which the birth rate rises sharply. People born between 1946 to 1961 are referred as baby boomers

In 2004, the size of each family, birth rates had decreased significantly The change of dependency load have affected the Canadian society hugely (focus changed from

children to elderly) In 1956baby boomers just bornemphasis on educations: elementary schools and secondary

schools ten years later In 2004baby boomers get older, lower birth rateno need to build/ emphasis schoolneed

to emphasis on expanding the healthcare facilities and services for older population (such as more golf courses) as the baby boomers now start to think about retiring.

Stages of Population ChangeDECREASE OF DEATH RATE:

Better understand on germs and bacteria Better nutrition Better healthcaredoctor washing hands before treating the patients Better food

Stage 1 High birth rate and high death rate keeps the size of the population stable None of the countries in nowadays are in stage 1

Stage 2

Death rate drops because of better healthcare and nutrition Birth rate remains highlong period of natural increase in population (the baby boom)

Stage 3

Birth rate drops because of: Parents certain that all their children will survive to adulthood Urbanizationmore families live in cities, don’t need that much of children to help as on farms Women begin to work outside of homeless time to take care childrenless births Canada began to experience this stage in the early 1960’s

Stage 4

Low birth rate and low death rateperiod of fluctuation on birth rate after it meets back with the death rate

Only a few countries in Eastern Europe has reached this stage

Stage 5 Death rate becomes even higher than birth rate

Homework Questions:1a. Define the following: birth rate, death rate, immigration rate, and emigration rate.1b. Describe, with the help of a numerical example different from the one in Fig. 16-1, how these four factors contribute to the rate at which a country's population grows2a. The population growth of a country depends on both natural increase and net migration. Define each of these terms:2b. Compare the importance of both in determining Canada's population growth since 1956. (See Fig. 16-5.) Would this also be the case in other countries?3. Ignoring the impact of immigration, Canada's population was relatively stable before the year 1800. Since 1800, our population has grown enormously. However, it may stop growing within the next few decades. Some people would say that this pattern is the result of the forces of death control and birth control. Explain what each term means and how each has contributed to Canada's population growth.4a. What is the Rule of 70? 4b. Why is the Rue of 70 so useful?4d. Does the Rule of 70 apply to a negative population growth rate? Explain your answer using Russia's population growth rate of -0.4%.5a. What is a population's dependency load?5b. Describe why this would be a useful concept for: i. a government planner ii. The president of a major bank6a. What role does immigration play in Canada's population?6b. How does this compare to most of the world's countries?7a. Your parents (and perhaps some of your teachers) may be part of the baby boom. With a partner, brainstorm why this generation has had such an enormous influence on Canada's society since the 1950s.7b. Is this influence likely to continue?7c. What effect has the baby boom had on your generation? How will it affect your generation in the future? 9. In this chapter, we have looked at the "big picture" of population pyramids. Pyramids also show the impact of specific historical events on population. Examine Canada's population pyramids for 1956, 2004 (Fig. 16-5), and 2020 (Fig. 16-8)a. Identify and describe two specific historical eventsb. Can you follow these events from the 1956 pyramid to the later ones? How? Journey of Man Video

The time machine used by geneticists (tracking back to our ancestors) is blood The research has been possible for 10 years Main researcher doing the narration in the documentary is Spencer Wells Everyone on the planet are related, and humans are spread from Africa. The remnants of the earliest tribes can be found in Kalahari Desert, one of the oldest tribes is San in

Namibia This tribe uses clicks in their language. Early advancement was made possible by language is

hunting The bones on the South African coast is around 80,000 years, human vanish presence there in

50,000 years ago because of ice age at that period The evidence of the next human ancestors outside of Africa is Australia. The only primate (mammal)

found in Australia is human. The earliest human habitation in Australia is 40,000 years ago The aboriginals in Australia think that they are came from Australia No evidence on their migration because of higher sea level in nowadays Male markers are found in the Y chromosome Second wave of Africans migrate to Middle East Central Asia is the nursery of mankind

The first Europeans are the Cro Magnons Natural sunscreen found on African body is melamin (don’t need that much as people migrate to

the north) Regional differences in skin/ hair colour is because of food supplies The ancestor of all Europeans, Indians and Americans lived 40,000 years ago Following animals took people to Central Asia Chukchi diet is based on reindeer. It is in the tribe of the nomadic. Less body surface area tends to be reduced in cold climates Ancestors of all Native Americans cross the Bering Strait at 15,000 years ago. Migrate to the south

by ice free corridor Only 10-20 individuals may have crossed Beringia Navajo are living in Arizona today. The idea found in Navajo oral histories is migration Everyone’s ancestry 2000 generations ago is African

Canada’s Aboriginal Population in the 21st Century (Chapter 17)Aboriginal People

Decedents of Canada’s original inhabitants, have difficult time with non-aboriginal Europeans come in last 500 years

Signed agreement, or treaties, with the Europeans hoping to accomplish two goals:o Maintain their economic basehave access to enough land that can support themselves by

fishing and huntingo Have self-government, the right to control their own affairs

First Nations in CanadaFirst Nations: an Aboriginal group whose members wish to be treated as a distinct group on the basis of a shared common culture and history

Federal government divided the Aboriginal peoples into three groups: Inuit, Indians and Métis Indians are divided into two groups: Status Indians and Non-Status Indians

Status: Aboriginal people that are entitled to certain right through treaties made with the Canadian government

Non-status: Aboriginals who are not covered in the treaties (no rights) Métis is not until the Constitution Act in 1982 recognizes as one of the Aboriginal peoples

Treaty-Making Process

French who first signed treaties with Canada’s Aboriginal peoples back in 1665 European governments and Aboriginal peoples made treaties as equals, often to achieve common

military goals After fall of New France to Englishtreaties no longer equal and tend to favor the British over the

First Nations In the exchange of land government offered land called reserves for the Aboriginal peoples where

they can still hunt, fish and living undisturbed just like they were in the past.

The Royal Proclamation in 1763 The land-ownership rights of the First Nations were to be respected First Nations should receive fair payment for land they gave up

The proclamation is not always being respected

Small parcel of land exchange for very small one-time payment and clothing/blankets Larger parcel of landsmaller reserves, cash, yearly payments to reserve members and fishing

and hunting rights

After confederationexpand Prairies and the West, building a transcontinental railroadneed the

land of the Aboriginal peoplesgovernment need to negotiate with the First Nationstreaty making

Indian Act in 1876 Aboriginal people gives up forever their claims to the lands they occupied Receive the usual cash payments, goods, and promises on fishing and hunting rights, persuades

to move to reserves Think that the reserves would just be temporary and disappear as the Aboriginals absorbed into

the mainstream It states/decided who ‘Indians’ really were, only the status Indian had the right to live on the

reserve

More treaties signed as gold, silver, oil and other mineral resources are found in the north (Yukon to

Quebec) The last un-surrendered land in Ontario was over by treaty in 1923treaty making ends for more

than 50 years after Aboriginal people never signed treaties in British Columbia and NWT

Problems Caused by Treaties:

Unfair treaties cause problems to Aboriginal’s life. Two major problems are: Aboriginal peoples lost enormous amounts of land, especially in southern and central

Canada, where the land is most productive (Loss of Land and Economic Base) Aboriginal peoples lost their right to govern themselves (Lack of self-government)

Loss of Land and Economic Base

Having free access to large areas of land with abundant fish and game was key to the Aboriginal ability to maintain their traditional way of life gave up most of the landhave difficulties on hunting and fishing, loss of economic base

Reserves today are less than 1% (not include Nunavut) of Canada’s area small amount of land living nearly one million Aboriginal people

Land not fertile, not much minerals, fishes, animals or commercial forestsreserve Aboriginals face difficult choice of leaving or not: not leavingneed to face the future of poverty and unemployment; leavingbetter economic future, but abandoning their community and cannot leave traditionally Lack of Self Government

Before arrival of EuropeansAboriginal peoples of North America governed themselves successfully Government treaties deprived Aboriginal peoples of the right to govern themselvesresults in many

problems:

Lack of Self Government restricted by laws protecting wildlife populations no rights to decide for themselves where and when they can carry out traditional fishing or hunting destroy their economic base and traditional way of life

Harmed by resources and developments project with no controldamage to economic base and traditional lifestyle

Residential schoolsassimilate the Aboriginal children to the language and culture of mainstream Canadian societyrestrict and punish the children from learning and practicing Aboriginal cultural traditions (abused)

Aboriginal people want self-governmentto control their own destiniesbelieve it will give them: Ability to strengthen and protect their culture Expand economic base Develop social programs that will more effectively address social problems existing in

nowadays (eg. alcoholism) Treaties Today (Changes of attitude of the government)

Between 1927 to 1951, it was illegal for a First Nation to hire a lawyer to Government felt that treaties set the First Nations apart from the mainstream of Canada

assimilation was in the best long-term interests of Canada’s Aboriginal populationattitude to First Nations change in nowadays Comprehensive Claims

Deals with many issues such as land ownership, self-government, ownership and control on resources, hunting/fishing/trapping rights and financial compensation.

Usually cover large tracts of landcause major changes of the people who live there The creation of Nunavut is an example of a comprehensive claim

Specific Claims

Claims that are made if one or more terms of the original comprehensive treaty are unfair or has not been met over the years

Frequently involve land already occupied by many thousands of Canadiansclaims for a sum of money instead of land

Federal government established the specific claim process more than 260 claims have been settled, more than 110 claims still need to be negotiated

Supreme Court cases in 1973 make the government investigate on many existing issues of the treaties try to ensure that Aboriginal demands for self-government and economic base were respected Homework Questions:3. Explain how each of the following affected the traditional lifestyle of the First Nationsa) Canada's greatly increased populationb) The move of the First Nations peoples onto reservesc) Residential schoolsd) Fishing and hunting lawse) Resource and developments projects4a. Describe the difference between comprehensive claims and specific claims.4b. In what parts of Canada would you expect to find First Nations making i) comprehensive claims? ii) specific claims? Why?6a. What is assimilation?

6b. Why would some people view assimilation as the best solution to the problems of Aboriginal people? Why would other people consider assimilation harmful?7. Explain how the lack of self-government and a poor economic base have contributed to the problems faced by many Aboriginal peoples today.8a. In Canada today, some Aboriginal people still live off the land by hunting and fishing like their ancestors did. Others have moved to large cities, and have adopted a completely different way of life. Most Aboriginal people lead lives that combine characteristics of both city living and the traditional ways of life. What factors might determine which of these three lifestyles an individual might choose? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?8b. Do you think it will be easier or more difficult to live in the traditional way in the future? Give evidence supporting both points of view. In you opinion, which viewpoint is most likely? Why? Case Study: Creation of Nunavut

The name Nunavut means “our land” in Inukitut, the language of Inuit people. It describes Nunavut very well because:

1. 85% of Nunavut’s people are Inuit2. Majority of populationInuit are better able to control their own lives3. Managers of their own territoryfeel that they can more easily protect their culture and

develop an economic base that meets their needs4. The name is actually in the language of the Inuit people (Inukitut)

The creation process of Nunavut

Years Steps

1976 Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC) made an initial proposal to create the new territory

1982 People of the NWT voted to separate and divide a huge region into two parts

1993 Final agreement or comprehensive treaty that officially created the new territory Nunavut was signed

1st April, 1999

Nunavut officially came into existence

Importance/features of Nunavut’s Comprehensive Treaty

Provided many opportunities for economic development Established conditions for the development of a sound economic base on which both Inuit and non-

Inuit people could become self-sufficientSnapshot of the treaty:

Inuit own approx. 20% of the territory = around 350,000 km2

Inuit has the mineral rights to approx. 10% of the settlement land Equal representation with the federal government on monitoring wildlife, natural resources and

environmental issues Inuit has the right to hunt, trap and fishes on the settlement land Inuit were given a capital fund of 1.1 billion over a 14 years perioduse for investment in

economic activities that will help develop a sound economic base for people in Nunavut Inuit have preference in the development of the territory’s resources

Creation of three new national parksprovides administrative and ecotourism jobs for citizens Calls for a form of territorial self-government that majority of decisions are made by residents

of the territory

Self-government in Nunavut

Not directly provide self-government85% make up Inuit peopleposition to dominate its government

Make many of the decisions that affect the lives of the citizens of Nunavut, instead of going through Complex process on creating a new governmentNunavut government creation is a long slow

process from 1993 (after the treaty) and expected to be completed in 2009 New government need to overcome many problems:

Lack of educated and experienced people needed to take senior jobs in the new administration

Need to hire non-resident/Inuit people to take senior jobslocal people are hired as assistants to learn and gain experience for the joblater take over the senior jobs

ChallengesHigh cost for living

Goods cause more in Nunavut than in southern Canada Electricity is more expensive than in Ontario and southern Canada

High unemployment rate and young population Unemploymentpoverty and a range of social problems One third of the people in Nunavut live in communities with unemployment rate higher than 40% High young populationmore jobs needed in the future for the youngproblem may get worse

(facing the problem that most part of Canada is facing during 1950’s to 1960’s, the baby boom)

Nunavut’s economic potential Nunavut economic limits / restrictions

Ecotourism: environmentally sensitive tourism based on the fascination that people have with the wonders of nature world (people attracted by the nature to travel)

Mining potential (copper, gold, silver, lead, zinc, diamonds

Sensitive environment: very short growing seasonneed a long time or hard to recover damage from exploitation /economic development

Northern Strategy: comprehensive developments strategy for Canada’s North that enables northern people to achieve the best political, economic and social development. Homework Questions:1a. Give three reasons why the name Nunavut ("Our Land" in Inuktitut) suits the new territory.1b. Describe the steps by which Nunavut became a separate territory.3. What is the purpose of most of the provisions (listed in Fig. 17-10) of the comprehensive treaty that formed Nunavut?4. Describe two challenges facing Nunavut.6a. Which ecozones are found within Nunavut?6b. In what ways do the characteristics of these ecozones provide economic opportunities for Nunavut? In what ways might they limit Nunavut's economic future?

10a. What is ecotourism?10b. Conduct research to determine the main characteristics of typical ecotourists. In you answer, consider such things as where ecotourists might be from, their age, and their level of wealth.10c. Why might ecotourism prove very popular in Nunavut? Immigration: A Canadian Tradition (Chapter 18)

As many as 97% are immigrants or descendent of immigrants encourage immigrants to retain their traditions and language while absorbing to the larger part of Canadian culture create the multicultural society of Canada

Immigrants is one of the dominant themes of Canada history because:1. Enormous number of immigrants over a period of almost 400 yearskey factor for Canada’s

population growth2. Immigrants from diverse countriesmade Canada becomes a culturally diverse nation today

Varying rates of immigration at different period of time a variety of political, economic, and natural factors both in Canada and in other parts of the world happens in different time Places immigrants come from:

19th to 20th centuriesmost of the immigrants come from the British Isles and Europe Nowadayscome from all around the world because of difficult economic and political conditions

in their countriesCanada is a haven (a place of safety) from dangers in their own country

When What happened? Why?

1840s Arrival of thousands of Irish settlers

Irish potato crop failsfacing starvationmove to Canada or other countries

1905-1914

Massive immigration from Eastern Europe to Canada’s west

Wanting to settle Prairiesgovernment offers free lands and other incentives for the immigrants

1915-1919

Little/ small amount of immigration

WW I and worldwide influenza epidemic

1930-1945

WW II and the worldwide economic depression

1947-1960

Many Italians come to Canada Devastation in Italy caused by war and the political and economic uncertainty that follow it

1956 Many Hungarians come to Canada

Hungarians revolt against the Russians failsrefugees come to Canada to avoid punishment

1980s-1997

Thousands of Hong Kong Chinese arrive

Seeks for political stability before China retakes control of Hong Kong

1980-2003

Many people from Afghanistan come to Canada

Seeks a safe haven from conflicts that engulfed in their country.

Factors cause people to become immigrants

Push factors: Reasons or factors that cause people want to leave their countryEg. War, absence of human rights, poor economic and education opportunities, religious persecution, natural disastersPull factors: Reasons or factors that attract and draw people to a countryEg. Better job opportunities, taxes are lowerIntervening obstacles: Factors that discourage or even completely destroy people from following through their idea or decision to immigrateEg. Huge distance, expensive costs to immigrate, not meeting the immigration requirements Types of Immigrants

Canadian government set strict rules to decide the immigrants that will be admitted or will not without restrictionway more people come to Canadathe country cannot support that much of people

Three types of immigrant in Canada: Economic immigrants, family immigrants and refugee. Economic Immigrants:

Included skilled worker and business immigrants If one member qualifies, all members of the immediate family qualify

Skilled worker Must receive 67 points in an immigration system designed to identify which people are most

likely to become successful residents Canada The point system always adjusted by the government as time change to ensure that the

immigrants who best meet Canada’s Business class

Must show immigration officials both willingness and an ability to make a significant financial contribution to Canada’s economydo it by establishing a business, buy business or making an investment create at least one job

Factors Points To get the maximum points

Education 25 A graduate degree and at least 17 years of full-time study or equivalent to that

Language Ability 24 High proficiency on both French and English

Work experience

21 Four or more years of experience

Age 10 To be 21 to 49 years of age

Arranged employment

10 Confirmed offer of permanent employment recognized by Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC)

Adaptability 10 Spouse(wife) is well-educated; applicant or spouse has studied and worked in Canada; to have an arranged job; family live in Canada

Family immigrants:

Allow Canadian residents to reunite their families by bring their close relatives to Canada Family immigrants must be sponsored by a relative in Canadathe relative needs to agree to

provide the immigrants housing and other needs for 3 to 10 years if the immigrants run into financial difficulty

Risks associated with sponsorship along with stricter government rulesreduce the number of family immigrants Refugee:

Someone who fears cruel or inhumane treatment (or even death) in his/ her country and migrate to another

Canada accepts Interprovincial Migration

Migration occurs between the provinces of Canada In-migration: provinces that gain migrants from other provinces Out-migration: provinces that lose population to other provinces

Homework Questions: 1a. Name two countries that have only recently become major sources of immigrants to Canada1b. Why do the sources of immigrants change over the years?2a. Examine Fig. 18-2 Name two time periods when immigration was low.2b. What factors caused these periods of high and low immigration?3a. Which four provinces have traditionally attracted the most immigrants?3b. Give three reasons why these provinces are the most attractive destinations for immigrants.3c. Could this pattern change in the years to come3d. Now examine Fig. 18-5, Which four provinces attract the most immigrants in relation to their total population?3e. Is there a difference between the four provinces in you answers to part a) and part d)? If so, explain why.4a. Define push factors and pull factors.4b. List two push factors that were mentioned in the text, then add two more that were not mentioned in the text4c. List two pull factors that were mentioned in the text, then add two more that were not mentioned in the text4d. Define intervening obstacles 4e. List two intervening obstacles that were mentioned in the text, then add two more that were not mentioned in the text5a. Determine the push and pull factors involved in the decision of your family, or that of a classmate5b. Did any intervening obstacles have to be overcome at that time?6a. Examine Fig. 18-10. What factors does the immigration system favor in potential immigrants? Why does the government think that each of these factors is important?6b. Does the current immigration system benefits Canada? Explain.6c. Does it benefit the countries from which immigrants come? Explain.6d. What changes, if any, would you make to the immigration system? Explain your recommendations.7. The point system is very demanding for potential immigrants. Review Fig. 18-10 and information from the link at www.pearsoned.ca/makingconnections2. Would your family get the required 67 points to gain admission to Canada? Why or why not?8. If you are an immigrant to Canada, what did you find surprising when you arrived in Canada? If you are not an immigrant, ask someone who is an immigrant to describe what he or she found surprising about Canada.9. Over the past 10 years, an average of about 50 000 people per year have emigrated from Canada.

a. Where do you think most of these people go?b. Identify at least two push factors and two pull factors that might contribute to such a decision.c. This emigration number is lower than it has been in previous decades. Why might this be?11. How would Canada be affecteda. if we had no limits on immigration?b. If we allowed no immigrants to come to Canada?12. Discuss the following questions with a number of your classmates. Be sure to take notes on your discussion. a. What is a refugee?b. Why are refugees allowed to come to Canada?c. Is it fair to people who are waiting to be accepted as independent immigrants to have refugees admitted quickly?d. In a court, juries convict someone only if they think that person is guilty "beyond a reasonable doubt." How strong should the evidence be to prove that a person is a legitimate refugee? Rural Area Settlement (Chapter 19)Settlement Pattern: distribution of homes, farms, villages and cities in an areaPopulation Distribution: pattern showing where people live and distribute in an area

Dispersed Settlement Concentrated Settlement Linear Settlement

Typical of areas with an agricultural basepeople tend to live on farm that spread out over the region

Patterns occur where other natural resources are found, like minerals

Economic opportunities from the development of the resourcedraws people to settle close together

Linear pattern that exists where economic activities that support people are developed in a line

Usually occur in major highways settlers provide services for the travellers.

Also exists along ocean coast for fishing

Canada’s population distribution patterns vary: concentrated in some area, others are dispersed More than 90% of Canadians live within 600 km of the border to United Statesarea of it is less

than 10% of the total area of the countryall the major cities and productive farmland are located here

The remaining 10% of Canadians are scattered throughout the rest of the country Population Density: the amount or number of people living a square kilometer (DIFFER FROM

population distribution) Factors affecting rural settlements:Resources

Different resources lead to different kinds of settlement. Eg. Southwestern Ontario settlement is different from Canadian Shield as its resource is the fertile agricultural land while the Shield’s resource is the forestTransportation

Before 1800, most efficient and common transportation is through water; after 1800, settlement generally occurs along roads or railroads; nowadays, any place wished can be settled since people are able to build road and railwayGovernment policy

For most of the areas, government planned carefully on how, where and when settlement would occur

Survey System: a set of rules that controls how land will be settled and specifies the pattern of land divisionuse to determine the size and shape of farms, the patterns of roads, and the location of towns so each area has the services it required Long Lots Pattern in Quebec

Attracted settlement because of rich agricultural resources Seigneurs(like the government) charged rent to habitants based on the width of each lot or roture Water access along the St. Lawrence River or its tributaries allowed travel by boat or on ice Variety of soil and topography in each roture an advantage for small farms (good soil, flat land for

vegetables, hilly area for pasture, woodlot for fuel and lumber) Has to access through waterbuild small frontage along the St L. Riverneed space for

farmingstretch back long distances from the river (Long Lots) took the form of long lots: when the river lots had been settleda second, third or more row of long

lots was settled along a road parallel to the riverConcession system of Southern Ontario

Ontario Township Survey based on an American design Township surveyed from baselines: adjoining townships meet at angle Counties formed from collections of townships; township is a collection of concession blocks Rural settlement is influenced by road more than water Many settlement in Southern Ontario after the concession system has put in place (government

policy) Concession roads and sideroads run perpendicular to each other at approx. 2km apart (around 5-8

lots) Settlement occurred on farms spread out along the concession roads and sideroads. Each farm is a lot and it is usually 40 or 80 hectares in size

Section system of Southern Prairies

Surveyed before major settlement occurs (well-planned) Simple survey system that had been used in many areas of United States (southwestern side) Large-scale survey to facilitate quick and efficient settlement (using squares) Baselines begin at 49th parallel (Canada-US border), with correction lines to account for

convergence of lines of longitude northward (north-south survey lines shift slightly westward) 1 township =36 sections = 16 subdivisions; 4 subdivisions =1 quarter-section (64 hectares in size) =

1 homestead Some sections reserved and sold to pay for railways, schools, and churches, or to compensate the

Hudson’s Bay Company for the land Originally developed for the American Midwestmore rainfall than many areas of the Canadian

Prairiesthe lands for each farm is too small in Prairies since less rainfall, less production needs more land to enlarge the production baseconsolidation (combine separate items) by buying neighboring quarter-section Comparison of three settlement patterns

Long Lots Pattern Concession System

Section System

Efficiency on Farming

Not efficient: long lots make farmers need to travel long way to work

Halfway between long lots pattern and section system

Very efficient: large square farmswell suited for modern farm machinery

Isolation Not much isolation: narrow farmlandsfarmhouses on the long lots are close to neighbors. Rely on others nearby for companionship and help in emergencies

Suffer high isolation: large farms and even worst for consolidated farmsfar away from neighbors. Problem reduce nowadays since people have vehicles

Scattered SettlementsResource-based settlement

Only a few resource-based settlements are scattered throughout the ecozones of northern Canada Southern Canadanumber of ecozones that the presence of resources has been the cause of

isolated rural settlement NOT present in Mixedwood Plains or Prairies ecozones

Ecozones Agriculture Commercial Fishing

Forestry Mining/Energy production

Recreation

Montane Cordillera

** *** *** ***

Atlantic Maritime

*** *** ** * **

Pacific Maritime * *** *** * **

Boreal Shield * ** *** *** ***

Boreal Plains *** * *** *

Service-based settlement

Can earn a living by providing services to residents and to travellers passing through Scattered along major roads that are usually lightly populated Service usually includes: gas station, souvenir shops, motels, and small restaurants

Homework Questions:3. Why did the original farms on the Prairies turn out to be too small? What happened as a result of this?7a. Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of living in a resource-based community in a remote area.7b. What effect are new communication technologies having on life in remote communities?7c. Would you want to live in such a remote community? Why or why not? Explain.8. Each of the maps in Fig, 19-9 represents rural settlement in a different part of Canada. Indicate which part of Canada each comes from and explain what evidence you have of this.

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