unit 4 the spinal cord and cns - mr. cramer · pdf filecerebrovascular accident (cva) stroke...
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ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
Unit
4The Spinal Cord and CNS
Protection
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Spinal Cord
�Extends from the
medulla oblongata to
the region of T12
�Cauda equina
(collection of spinal
nerves)
�Cervical and lumbar
region enlargements
Figure 7.18
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Spinal Cord Anatomy
�Exterior white mater- conduction tracts
� Internal gray matter- mostly cell bodies� Dorsal (posterior) horns� Anterior (ventral) horns
�Central canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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Spinal Cord Anatomy
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Spinal Cord Anatomy
�Meninges cover the spinal cord
�Nerves leave at the level of each
vertebrae� Dorsal root� Ventral root
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Protection of the CNS
�Scalp and skin
�Skull and vertebral column
�Meninges
�Cerebrospinal fluid
�Blood brain barrier
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Protection of the CNS
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Meninges
�Dura mater� Double-layered external covering
� Periosteal- attached to skull
� Meningeal layer- outer covering of the brain
�Arachnoid layer� Middle layer� Web-like
�Pia mater� Internal layer� Clings to the surface of the brain
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
�Similar to blood plasma composition
�Formed by the choroid plexus
�Watery cushion to protect the brain
�Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles,
and central canal of the spinal cord
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Ventricles and Location of the
Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Ventricles and Location of the
Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Blood Brain Barrier
�Least permeable capillaries of the body
�Excludes many harmful substances
�Useless against:� Fats/fat soluble molecules� Respiratory gases� Alcohol� Nicotine� Anesthesia
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Traumatic Brain Injuries
�Concussion� Slight injury� No permanent damage
�Contusion� Nervous tissue destruction� Tissue does not regenerate
�Cerebral edema� Swelling from inflammatory response� May compress and kill brain tissue
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Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
�Stroke
�Ruptured blood vessel supplying a brain
region
�Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from
that blood source dies
�Possible loss of some functions or death
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Alzheimer’s Disease
�Progressive degenerative brain disease
�Mostly the elderly, but may begin in middle
age
�Structural brain changes include abnormal
protein deposits and twisted fibers within
neurons
�Memory loss, irritability, confusion and
ultimately, hallucinations and death