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Unit 4 Vocabulary 1. Eukaryote- organism whose cells contain a nucleus; Ex: plants, animals 2. Prokaryote- organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus; Ex: bacteria

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3. cell theory- Unit 4 Vocabulary

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4. Robert Hooke- first scientist to view cells

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 5. organelle- specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

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6. cell wall- provides structure for plant cells; barrier, helps control water content #6 Not in animal cells! Unit 4 Vocabulary

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7. Cell/plasma membrane- forms boundary; semipermeable, acts as gatekeeper by controlling what enters & exits the cell #7 Unit 4 Vocabulary

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8. nucleus- holds & protects the DNA; control center of cell Unit 4 Vocabulary

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9. nucleolus- mix of proteins & nucleic acids; produces ribosomes Unit 4 Vocabulary

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10. chromosomes/chromatin/DNA- the genetic material found in the nucleus

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11. nuclear membrane- surrounds the nucleus to protect DNA Unit 4 Vocabulary

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12. cytosol- fluid in cell, mostly water; where many cellular reactions take place cytoplasm- cytosol & organelles Unit 4 Vocabulary Cytoplasm/Cytosol

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 13. centriole- help to organize cell division; in animal cells only

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14. endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- assembles lipids, proteins; factory of cell Unit 4 Vocabulary

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15. ribosomes- synthesize proteins Unit 4 Vocabulary

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16. chloroplast- conducts photosynthesis (produces sugar); solar power plant of cell Not in animal cells! Unit 4 Vocabulary

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17. mitochondria- where cellular respiration takes place & energy is released; powerhouse of cell Unit 4 Vocabulary

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18. lysosomes- vesicles filled with enzymes; break down and recycles molecules, old organelles; recycling center of cell Unit 4 Vocabulary

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19. Golgi apparatus/body/complex- sac-like structures that sorts & packages materials; packaging center of cell Unit 4 Vocabulary

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20. vacuole- stores materials, especially water Unit 4 Vocabulary

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21. microtubules- hollow tubes that aid in cell division and help cells maintain their shape; form cytoskeleton, the framework of the cell

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 22. vesicle- membrane-enclosed structures used for transport Moving substances into cell: Moving substances out of cell:

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23. cell differentiation- process in which cells become specialized in structure and function Unit 4 Vocabulary

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24. cancer- disorder in which some of the bodys cells lose the ability to control growth

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 25. nucleated- contains a nucleus Eukaryotic cells are nucleated because they contain nuclei. 26. synthesize- to make something or combine things together Ribosomes synthesize proteins.

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 27. unicellular- an organism composed of a single cell; ex: prokaryotes like bacteria 28. multicellular- an organism composed of many cells; ex: humans, trees

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 29. respiration- exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen; breathing Your cells respire so that they have the oxygen necessary for breaking down glucose (cellular respiration)

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 30. plasmolysis- the shrinking of the cytoplasm of a plant cell due to water loss, causing gaps between the cell wall and cell membrane

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 31. osmosis- the diffusion of water across a membrane

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 32. diffusion- process where particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration 33. diffusion gradient- a difference in the concentration of particles from high to low

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 34. passive transport- the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy; ex: diffusion

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 35. active transport- the movement of materials against a concentration difference; requires energy; ex: pumping calcium across a membrane

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 36. permeable- allows substances to pass through 37. impermeable- does not allow substances to pass through 38. differentially permeable/semipermeable- allows some things to pass through but not others, as with the cell membrane

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 39. isotonic- when solute concentrations are equal inside and outside of the cell and water moves in and out at the same rate; means same strength Animal Cell: Plant Cell:

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 40. hypertonic- when the concentration of solutes is high outside of the cell, causing water to leave; means above strength Animal Cell: Plant Cell:

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 41. hypotonic- when the concentration of solutes is lower outside of the cell, causing water to enter; means below strength Animal Cell: Plant Cell:

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 42. secretion- the production and release of a useful substance; ex: a cell excreting a hormone

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 43. surface area- the total area of the outside of an object 44. volume- the total amount of space inside an object 45. surface area : volume ratio- the amount of surface area per unit volume; helps explain why cells must be small Relative Surface Area:Relative Volume: The volume of a cell increases much faster than its surface area! This causes transport of molecules in and out of the cell to be too slow for the cell to survive!

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 46. mitosis- type of cell division resulting in 2 identical cells 47. spindle- a fan-like system of microtubules that will help to separate duplicated chromosomes

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 48. chromatid- each DNA strand in a duplicated chromosome 49. centromere- where replicated DNA/chromosomes attach to each other

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 50. replication- the act of copying or reproducing something DNA is replicated during interphase. 51. interphase- the period of the cell cycle between cell divisions; includes cell growth and DNA replication

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 52. prophase- 1 st phase of mitosis; DNA condenses into chromosomes and spindle fibers form 53. metaphase- 2 nd phase of mitosis; chromosomes line up in center of cell, pulled by spindle fibers

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 54. anaphase- 3 rd phase of mitosis; the chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell 55. telophase- 4 th phase of mitosis; the chromosomes unwind and nuclear membranes reform

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 56. cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm, splitting the cell in two

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Unit 4 Vocabulary 57. Why are cells so small? The volume of a cell increases much faster than its surface area. This causes passive transport of molecules in and out of the cell to be too slow for the cell to survive because the distance the molecules must travel has become very large.

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58. What is the end product of mitosis? The end product of mitosis is two identical cells. Unit 4 Vocabulary

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59. When would a cell undergo mitosis? A cell undergoes mitosis when its surface area to volume has become to great for the cell to rely on passive transport to survive. Mitosis begins after interphase, when the cell grows in size and replicates its DNA.