unit 42 - p1 - bethany blackburn

UNIT 42 - UK TV BROADCASTING -

P1

UK TV Broadcasting■ In the UK television broadcasting, was introduced as an extension of radio

broadcasting. Its further development into what it is today was down to the BBC.

■ The BBC was originally set up as the British Broadcasting Company in 1922 by a group of manufacturers. It was an early attempt by wireless equipment and hardware manufacturers to create the software for the distribution system.

■ The BBC is part of the private sector and was the world’s first ‘national broadcaster’ but during the General Strike of 1926, On 1st January 1927, the British Broadcasting Corporation was founded with a Royal Charter and granted a licence to broadcast. The new corporation had a measure of independence from the state.

http://www.mediastudentsbook.com/content/case-study-outline-history-tv-uk

THE EARLY YEARS 1936–55In the early years T.V was only for the metropolitan middle class. For short time during1939-1946 all

broadcasting was disrupted because of the war. Back then the BBC only had one channel and could only be received by 81 percentage of the population. Viewers were required to have a radio and T.V license. In 1955 only four and a half million people had a T.V License.

A UNIVERSAL PUBLIC SERVICE 1955–82Introduction of the ‘commercial’ or ‘independent’

television. However, the BBC introduced a new channel with a higher resolution in 1964. In 1967 the ‘switchover’ to colour transmissions began and the final ‘switchover

was made in 1985. T.V broadcasting companies such as BBBC and ITV were closely controlled but the IBA

THE BEGINNINGS OF PLURALISM 1982–90In 1982, Channel Four was established. This meant that

it was not under the BBC and therefore could raise a diverse audience. Channel four was the first public organisation. T was funded by various advertising revenue. Although, they did not produce their own

programmes they because a ‘ broadcaster publisher and created this new form of television where a wider spread

a viewpoints were represented.

THE MULTI-CHANNEL ENVIRONMENT, 1990 ONWARD

In 1990 and 1996, the Broadcasting Act legislated ‘ independent television’ where digital broadcasting would provide more variety in channels along side

computer services. This meant that after 35 years, BBC, Channel Four and ITV would share their audience with

other broadcasters.

http://www.mediastudentsbook.com/content/case-study-outline-history-tv-uk

P1- A- Operating Model- Executive StructureDirectors from across the BBC

contribute to the leadership of the organisation as part of the Executive

Team. The Executive Board is in charge of the BBC. The board responsibility is

deliver the BBC’s services in accordance with the strategy agreed

with the BBC Trust, and for all aspects of operational management.

BBC Trust appoints the Director-General is chairman of the Executive Board, as well as chief executive and editor-in-

chief of the BBC; The Board is a mixture of executive directors from within the

BBC and non-executive directors, who bring external expertise and insight to

the operation of the Board. The Executive Board meets monthly, and

they share the outcomes of these meetings online.

Changes to the Executive Board

On Friday 5 February it was announced that Sir

Nicholas Serota would be joining the Executive

Board as a Non-Executive Director. Sir Nicholas will

take up his role on 1 August 2016.

Charlotte Moore is currently attending the Executive Board in her

capacity as Acting Director, Television.

P1 - A - Operating Model Executiv

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P1- A- Operating Model – Structure -

Executive TeamThis is the Executive Team;

In addition to the directors who make up the Board, other

directors are engaged in the Executive Team, which looks at

pan-BBC issues and ensures that all divisions are involved in

delivering the BBC’s objectives.

P1- A- Operating

Model – Structure - Television Division

Websitehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/bbcstructure/vision.html

P1- A- Operating Model –

Structure - Television DivisionWebsite

http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/bbcstructure/vision.html

P1- A- Operation Model- PartnershipsPartnership through Make It Digital

• ‘Micro Bit’ coding device to all year 7 children across the UK for free to inspire a future generation - 1 million devices in total.

• Programmes and online activity involving the BBC’s biggest and best-loved brands, including Doctor Who, EastEnders, Radio 1, The One Show, Children in Need, BBC Weather and many more.

• The Make it Digital Traineeship to up to 5,000 young unemployed people.• Partnerships with around 50 major organisations across the UK, including Apps for Good, ARM, Barclays,

British Computing Society, BT, Code Club, DWP, Google, iDEA, Microsoft, Nesta, Samsung, Skills Funding Agency, Tech City UK, the Tech Partnership, TeenTech, Young Rewired State.

• In Get Creative we'll be working closely with a huge number of external organisations including Culture at King’s, Voluntary Arts, 64 Million Artists, Fun Palaces, Cultural Learning Alliance, and Arts Council England, as well as Culture 24, The Royal Shakespeare Company, the BFI, The Roundhouse, Sadler’s Wells, The Young Vic, National Theatre Wales, Arts Council Wales and many more. It’s the first time amateur and professional arts organisations have come together on a national project of this scale.

Information http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/howwework/partnerships

The BBC does not carry out any advertising or sponsorship on its public services. They do this because they want to remain independent of commercial interests and ensure they can be run purely to serve the general public interest.

If airtime was sold either wholly or partially, advertisers and other commercial pressures would be able to have their say on when the programme is filmed and schedule priorities. Which deceases the There revenue for broadcasters.

To guarantee a wide range of unrestricted programmes, each households pays for a T.V license. This guarantees that a wide range of high-quality programmes can be made available, unrestricted, to everyone. The licence fee also helps support production skills, training, local

The BBC runs additional commercial services around the world. These are not financed by the licence fee but are kept quite separate from the BBC's public services.

P1- A-Operating Model- Relationship with Advertisers

http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/howwework/policiesandguidelines/advertising.html

Information: http://www.bbc.co.uk/annualreport/2014/executive/finances/licence_fee.html

P1- A- Operation Model- RevenueIn 2014, the BBC made 3,726 million on license fees and 1,340 from other commercial avenues such as BBC Worldwide.

Total income: 5,066

Operating Cost for production of all content on BBC was 4,722

This highlights how BBC total income comes from licensing fees and worldwide sorts which makes them different from other U.K broadcasters such as ITV and Channel 4.

P1 A - OwnershipMedia regulators

■ The Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS).Government is responsible for broadcasting and creative industries in

the UK .

■ The UK communications industries, with responsibilities across television, radio,

telecommunications and wireless communications services is controlled by

Ofcom an independent regulator competition authority

Website address http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/bbcstructure

P1 A-OwnershipRoyal Charter

The BBC is established under a Royal Charter. The charter that is in place now has been going since 2007 and end this year. This means that it will be reviewed and the Royal Charter will decide if they will continue to support the BBC.

BBC Trust

The strategy and direction of the BBC is set through the BBC Trust which is governed by the Royal Charter. The BBC Trust has a clear duty to represent the interests of the licence fee payers. The Trust sets purpose remits, issues service licences and holds the Executive Board to account for its performance in delivering BBC services. The Trust works closely with national Audience Councils in order to understand the needs and concerns of audiences.

Executive

The Executive Board is responsible for the operational management of the BBC in controlled by The Executive Board. Directors from across the BBC contribute to the leadership of the organisation as part of the Executive Team.

Website address http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/bbcstructure

P1 - B - Operation Model- Programme Categories - BBC Cannels

P1- B- Operation Model- Programme CategoriesArts: These programmes are usually shown on BBC Two. They included many aspects of the Arts. At the moment the Arts programmes being shown are: Hay Festival, Handmande Royal Appointment and Neelam Gill on Vogue 100.CBBC: The CBBC channels is focused at younger audience such as young children and teenagers. The programmes being shown at the moment on CBBC are Mathilda and Ramsey Bunch, Taking the Next Step and Jamie Johnson.Cbeebies: Cbeebies is aimed at toddlers and young children up to the age of 7. The programme that are on Cbeebies at the moment are: Go Jetters, Ruff, Tweet and Dave and Topsy and TimComedy: BBC is known for its comedic programmes and have a wide range of comedies coming out each year. They most famous comedic programmes produced by BBC are: Mock the Week, Live at the Apollo and Dad’s ArmyDocumentaries: Over the lifetime of the BBC, they have produced hard hitting documentaries that represent not only British life but life around the world. The documentaries that BBC are shown at the moment are: Black Power, America Armed Resistance, Life on Death Row and My Life.

Drama and Soaps: In its lifetime the BBC’s have been recognised for its fantastic drama and it has one of the longest running soaps in U.K T.V broadcasting history. The dramas being shown on BBC now are: Wallander, The Musketeers and Junkheart. The main soaps being shown are EastEnders and DoctorsEntertainment: The BBC have various Entertainment programmes such as, Have I got News for You. The most popular Entertainment shows on the BBC at the moment are: Top Gear and Stupid man, Smart Phone.Films: Over the last number of years the BBC has produced some fantastic films. Films bout current affairs and even shown some old classics like Maggie. They have a Film Review programme every week hosted by Mark Kermode where he give an unique take on films that have been released.Food: Over the last ten years the food programmes have exploded onto our screens. The BBC have lead the way with their variety of food programmes. The most successful food programmes are: The Great British Bake Off and Hairy Bikers.History: This year in particular BBC have produced a number of Historic programmes with the Queen’s 90th Birthday and the D- Day anniversary. However, the BBC have been leading the way for Historic programmes. They always go that extra step to get the truth across.

P1- B- Operation Model- Programme Categories

Lifestyle: BCC have a huge variety of lifestyle programmes and with the launch of apps like Pinterest the British public are more interested in making their own clothes and crafts. The lifestyle programmes that are on the BBC at the moment are: The Great British Sewing Bee, the Big C and me and The Gardner's World.

Music: As a result of the BBC being born from a radio channel it is only right that their involved in production music production and involvement in festivals has growth throughout the years. It is the BBC would have access to famous festivals such as Glastonbury. The BBC produce shows that incorporate classics with the new up and coming stars. Some of the programmes that are on the BBC are: Annie Mac’s Headliners and The Jazz Room

News: Over the years the BBC have been at the heart of any major event such as 9/11 and the London Bombing. They hard hitting news [problems go further into the story to give the British people what they deserve; the truth. The BBC have produce a number of politics programmes that are aired weekly to discuss any current affairs issues so that the British people are aware of what is going on in the House of Parliament. The main news programmes shown on BBC now are: Question Time, Daily Politics and News night.

Science- For many years the BBC have support the developments of science and nature by producing up to date programmes that explore the science and nature world. The main Science and Nature programmes on the BBC at the moment are: Horizon, Click and Spring watch.


Sport: Sport is a huge part of British cultural so it is only naturally one of the biggest broadcasters in the UK would be one of the front runners for their coverage of sport events. The BBC have control over the coverage of Wimbledon. Match of the Day is one of the longest running and most successful sport programmes in UK history.


Miranda HartBBC One Miranda Hart was born on the 14th of December1972 in

Torquay, Devon. She is an actress and producer staring in many shows created and produced by the BBC , one of which is the 2009 production of the show ‘Miranda.’

This was a comedy show were a socially awkward Miranda gets herself into awkwardly funny situations. She has also stared in the BBC’s production of ‘Call the Midwife’ as ‘chummy’ a midwife in the series. This was a drama series broadcast on BBC2 and arguably one of

Miranda's more serious roles.

Miranda on screen in Call the Midwife as chummy

P1-B UK Stars

David AttenboroughBBC Two David was born on May the 8th 1926, he studied Naturel

Science and Cambridge university graduating in 1947. Attenborough then went onto serve in the royal navy

before joining the BBC 1954. not done their David went onto become senior manager at the BBC having

already served as controller of BBC two and director of programing for BBC Television in the 1960s to 70sscince

Since then Attenborough has been apart of many nature shows and documentaries broadcast across the BBC practically BBC 1 and 2. He is best know for being a

presenter in theses show like ‘Attenborough's Bird Paradise.’ and a series called ‘Naturel world’ which has

aired from 1985 to this current year.

P1-B UK Stars

Jack WhitehallBBC Three

Jack Peter Benedict Whitehall was born on the 7th of July 1988. He is an English comedian, television

presenter as well as an actor, this showing he's a versatile star.

On the 30th of November 2011 it was announced theat Whitehall would write and star in the new BBC Three

comedy ‘Bad Education.’ It began on the 14th of August, in which he plays Alfie, a teacher who is "the worst

teacher ever to grace the British education system, he comes across in the series as a bigger kid than the kids

he teaches".

Some of the other work Whitehall is know for is his guest star appearance on BBC Twos ‘Top Gear ’ In

February 2014, he was their because it was the 2nd time he’d ever driven a car, this proved to be funny content for the show as they had him driving around the race

track.

P1-B UK Stars

Peter YorkBBC Four

Peter York was born in 1944 and he's a broadcaster best know for writing Harpers Queen’s ‘ The Official

Sloane Ranger Handbook’

He currently commentates the show timewatch on BBC 4 which is a history documentary first broadcast on 29 September 1982. York hasn't done any other work for

or with the BBC as of yet

P1-B UK Stars

Dani harmer CBBC

Danielle Jane Harmer was born on the 8th of February 1989. She is a British television actress, presenter and singer. Harmer is best known for her portrayal as Tracy

Beaker in the CBBC production of ;’Tracy Beaker Returns’ and ‘Tracy beaker survival files’ both aired in

2002 to 2012.

She then later confirmed via social media that she will not appear in the spin off series ‘The Dumping Ground.’

Apart from all of this Dani played Molly Venables in the BBC sitcom ‘After You’ve Gone.’ in 2008 harmer also

started her own sitcom ‘ Dani’s House’ which aired from 2008 to 2012. She then went on to branch further into the music business and signed a £3m record deal. She recorded her debut album Superheroes in September 2009, and released the single and theme from ‘Dani’s

House’

P1-B UK Stars

Justin Fletcher CBeebies

Justin Fletcher, was born on the 15th of June 1970 in Berkshire, he is an English's childrens television personality.

Fletcher is most associated as a presenter and actor on the BBC pre-school television channel CBeebies, were he speaks and performs in various often self created roles. He was part of the ‘Tikkabilla’ program which was a spin off of ‘Higgledy House’ a comedy for children. This progressed into he most famous role yet as Mr Tumble.

He has also voices some other characters on the BBC in shows like the ‘Tweenies' ‘Finley The Fire Engine' and ‘Doodles’

He later become a presenter on the channel but left in 2007 to return in 2012 for the role of Andy Day while he was working on the TV series ‘Andy’s Wildest Adventures’

Through his own production company, Fletcher developed ‘Something Special’ which he presents while signing. Its aimed towards young disabled children and was the only show on Cbeebies of its kind.

P1-B UK Stars

P1- C- Operation Model-Modes of Delivery

http://www.bbc.co.uk/corporate2/insidethebbc/whatwedo/aroundtheuk

The BBC have ensured that the whole of the UK has access to their channels. They have

established channels in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which means that these

channels can cater to the region they are shown. For example, in Northern Ireland they have their

own regional news channels and can have different scheduling for different shows. I think this is an unique idea because it means that

different regions can take ownership of their own BBC channel as work with BBC London.

http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/review_report_research/vfm/distribution.pdf

P1- C- Operation Model-Modes of DeliveryAll BBC channels have the BBC red Button attached to them. This allows

people to access a shortlist of channels and get update while watching BBC. For

example, they can pick and choose which match they want to watch at Wimbledon.

The BBC broadcast its channels to a tower which then broadcasts the

programmes out to any T.V set that has freeview, BT Vision and Youview. This

mean that no matter what T.V you have you will have access to the BBC.

P1- C- Operation Model-Modes of DeliveryI believe that BBC’s modes of delivery are very accessible for the UK public. In every household there is an easy solution to access BBC which means that the BBC is the largest and most population broadcaster in the UK. ITV have followed in their footsteps by provide their own IPLAYER and out letting their channels to SKY etc.

All the BBC channels are uplinked to a satellite. This allows the programmes to be shown on SKY and Freesat.

Also, all channels can be uploaded to a cable head-end delivery which means that people who have VIRGIN TV have access to all BBC channels.

BBC IPlayer plays a huge part in people being able to access the channels on their phones, tablets or computers. This means that the channels can be accessed at anytime, anywhere that has an internet connection.

P1- E- Operation Model-Production Process- Eastenders

EastEnders is filmed at BBC Elstree Centre in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire. Each day the production team film between, adding up to approximately 13 minutes of screen time. This compares to five or six minutes shot per day on a normal TV drama. Episodes are produced in "quartets" of four episodes, each of which starts filming on a Tuesday and takes nine days to record. he episodes are usually filmed about six to eight weeks in advance of broadcast. During the winter months, filming is done twelve weeks in advance, due to less daylight for outdoor filming.

Filming

• EastEnders is normally recorded using four cameras.

Edit number one

• When a quartet is completed, it is edited by the director, videotape editor and script supervisor.

Edit Number two

• The producer then reviews the edits and decides if anything needs to be re-edited, which the director will do

Technically review

•A week later, sound is added to the episodes and they are technically reviewed, and are ready for transmission if they are deemed of acceptable quality.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders

P1- E- Operation Model-Production Process- Live T.VOn 15 September 2009, the BBC announced plans to broadcast the first ever live episode of EastEnders, to celebrate the show's

25th anniversary.

Rehearsals

• The EastEnders cast and crew had two weeks to rehearse the episode• The script was issued on the afternoon of 5 February 2010• The actor playing the killer would be informed of their actions at 7:30 pm on 19 February, 30 minutes

before the episode's transmission

Directing

• Direction of the episode differed from typical episodes of EastEnders, whereby actors briefly run through their lines, block the scene to be filmed, then begin shooting with the director on the studio floor.

• Once technical rehearsals began and cameras were added in, Ashdown moved from the studio floor to an outside broadcast truck. All cameras on set were cabled to the truck, allowing Ashdown to oversee the entire episode remotely

Filming

• In case of any serious problems during transmission, a rehearsal for the episode was filmed, including each version of the reveal scene.

• The live broadcast took 400 camera shots to film, and 36 camera operators.

Broadcasting

• "EastEnders Live" was watched by a cumulative audience of 19.9 million viewers. Its original screening averaged 16.41 million viewers, attaining a 57% audience share.

The BBC is required but the BBC Agreement to ensure that audiences are able to access the UK Public Services that are intended for them. The overall cost of maintaining the distributing content is significant - some £210m, or 6% of the licence fee.

The distribution policy was reviewed and updated in 2012. The reason for this was that there had been considerable change in the technology world. Now the majority had smartphones so they could access all the programmes if they had the correct app. This resulted in the broadcasting and IP environments were blurring into one.

The Distribution framework covers the distribution of TV, Radio and Online services (including BBC iPlayer and Red Button services) to any device used to access them including TVs, radios, personal and tablet computers, games platforms, set top boxes, and mobile phones. To oversee all off this the BBC set up their own Executive Board to manage that the principals of the BBC Trust are fulfilled.

This distribution is not just in the UK but to a number European countries such as: In the Republic of Ireland, Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland. In these countries digital and cable operators carry a range of BBC channels these include BBC One, BBC Two and BBC World News.

http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/our_work/distribution_framework/2015/distribution_framework.pdf

P1- F- Operation Model-Distribution UK and Europe

BBC AmericaBBC Arabic TVBBC Canada

BBC HDBBC HD Nordics

BBC KidsBBC

EntertainmentBBC Lifestyle

BBC KnowledgeBBC UKTV

BBC BritBBC EarthBBC First

UKTVBBC PersianBBC Japan

P1- F- Operation Model-Distribution UK and Europe

• Persons under eighteen are protected;• Material likely to encourage or to incite the commission of

crime or to lead to disorder is excluded;• That the proper degree of responsibility is exercised with

respect to the content of religious programmes;• Generally accepted standards are applied so as to provide

adequate• Protection for members of the public from the inclusion in

services of• Offensive and harmful material; and• There is no use of techniques which exploit the possibility of

conveying a message to viewers or listeners, or of otherwise influencing their minds, without their being aware, or fully aware, of what has occurred

The BBC regulation body is OFCOM. OFCOM oversee many aspects of the BBC Productions. Blow is a list of OFCOM regulations given to the BBC.

http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/about/mou_addition_feb2011.pdf

P1- E- Operation Model-Regulation Bodies

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35696657

On 1st March 2016, the BBC News released an article stating that the BBC Trust should be replaced by OFCOM. Sir David Clementi, who led the independent review, said there was a need for "fundamental reform". His main concerns with BBC Trust is "It conflates governance and regulatory functions within the Trust. The BBC should have a unitary Board charged with responsibility for meeting the obligations placed on it under the Royal Charter and Agreement, and responsibility for the interests of Licence Fee payers.” he believes that by having OFCOM in charge it would "be important to get the details right, and we now want to work with the Government to ensure roles are clear, the structure is effective and the BBC's independence protected."

http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/broadcast/code-may16/Ofcom_Broadcast_Code_May_2016.pdf

P1- E- Operation Model-Regulation Bodies