unit 5 chapters 11-12 state and local government
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 5Chapters 11-12
State and Local Government
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Chapter 11State Government
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Public Policy
• Making Public Policy• What is Public Policy?• Must make choices and trade-offs• Comes from different sources
• People• Lawmakers• Party leaders• Media
• Planning Commission• Tries to plan for the future of a community
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The Federal System
• Originally states worked separately• Brought together by the _________?
• Federalism• State and federal government share some
powers• Ex: taxes and borrowing money
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Protections
• States cannot be taken over by other states
• States govern themselves• They each have a
constitution
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Reserved Powers
• What are these?
• Give some examples.
• Reminder
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Federal Supremacy
• If state and federal laws conflict, federal law is followed
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States Rights vs. Nationalists
• Which should be stronger; federal or state government?
• Why?
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Section 2 State Legislative Branch
• All states have bicameral legislatures except Nebraska• unicameral
• State constitution lists terms and qualifications for state senator and representatives
• Some legislatures are part time, some are year round
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How They Work
• Much like US Congress• Leaders in each house• Bills go through the same process
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Legislative Apportionment
• Every 10 years there is a census• The boundaries for state districts are re
written based on the census• Before 1964
• Senate districts were base on land (rural and urban districts)
• Representatives always based on population• Cities and rural districts each got one senator
even though their population was very different
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Who Represents Me?
• Find your state delegates
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NC General Assembly
• NC House of Representatives• 120 Seats
• NC Senate• 50 Senators • Lieutenant Governor is the top figure
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Problems Facing the States
• Citizens expect more from a government• Public transit, schools, etc.
• Budgets are tighter• Because of expectations
• Federal Government is not giving as much money to states• Because of their own budget concerns
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Section 3 State Executive Branch
• Governor is the head of the executive branch in the state
• Governor's Website• State constitution gives requirements and
terms of office• Voters elect directly but run separately • Lt. Governor presides over the state
senate• Lt. Governor Website
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Duties
• Head of executive branch of state• Chief legislator
• Can suggest laws• Veto bills
• Judicial• Pardons criminals• Commute sentences
• Commander in Chief of National Guard
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Executive Departments
• Advisors who head departments of state governments are called the Council of State.
• NC Council of State• The Council of State is elected.
• Attorney General• Attorney for the state, represents the state in lawsuits,
gives legal advice
• Treasurer• Collects taxes
• State Auditor• Reviews records of other departments
• Others include Board of Health, Public Works and Welfare Board
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Section 4- State Judicial Branch
• Most legal matters are handled at the state level
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Lower Level State Courts
• Justice Courts• Justices of the peace• Small rural towns
• Magistrate Courts• Larger towns• Handle traffic violations• Disturbing the peace• Small civil cases(Small Claims Court)• In NC, lower courts are called NC District
Courts. They handle misdemeanors.
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Continued…
• Municipal Courts• Larger cities• Divided into traffic, juvenile and small
claims courts
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Higher State Courts
• General Trial Courts• Handle felonies• Determine whether someone is guilty or
not guilty of a serious crime• Usually has a jury and lawyers.• They also handle large lawsuits.• In NC, these courts are called NC Superior
Courts.
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Higher Courts continued…
• Appellate Courts• Defendants Constitutional rights violated• No jury
• A panel of judges review record of lower court
• Majority vote decides the outcome• Can go to the State Supreme Court
• The top court in the state
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Judge Selection
• Some are elected – most in NC • Some are appointed• Most terms are from 6 to 12 years
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Chapter 12
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Counties in NC
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Cities, Towns and Villages in NC
• Any state recognized government is called a municipality
• A charter sent to the state establishes a municipality
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City Government
• The most common form of local government
• Cities vary greatly in size and services• People of a community can apply for a
city charter
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Charters
• Grants power to local governments• Is much like a constitution, only at the city
level• Cities granted home rule write their
charter and choose how their government is run
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3 Types of City Government
• 1. Mayor• Council Government
• The oldest and most widely used• Separate legislature (council) and executive
(mayor) branch• Voting districts are called wards
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Mayor continued…
• Powers of mayor vary from city to city•Strong mayor = a lot of power•Weak mayor = limited executive power
• In this case the city council would choose the head of departments
• Makes city government less efficient
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Types of City Government continued…
• 2. Council• Manager
• Voters elect city council (legislature).• City manager selected by city council. He is
the executive.
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Types of City Government
• 3. Commission• No separation of legislative and executive
powers (commissioners have both powers).• Separate departments commissioners make
executive decisions
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Types of City Government
• Metropolitan Area• Formed when major cities and suburbs
have mutual interests that need to be dealt withMust consult, coordinate and discuss issues:1. Growth2. Transportation3. Public education4. Land usage5. Etc.
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New England-style “Towns”
• Governed by town meetings, which are a direct democracy. There may be an elected executive, but there is no council.
• Based on the tradition of Mayflower Compact.
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Section 2 Local Government Services and Revenue
• Education in NC• Largest expenditure in North Carolina, 1
out of every 3 dollars spent in NC is on education
• The Department of Public Instruction in Raleigh estimated statewide spending per pupil at $8,552 this year, while the state Department of Correction lists a yearly cost per inmate of $27,911 for 2008.
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Health and Welfare
• Most healthcare and welfare programs are funded jointly by the federal government and states.
• In NC local governments are primarily responsible for building and operating hospitals
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Public Safety
• In NC public safety such as police and fire is predominately a local government issue
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Special Districts
• Deal with single issues or provide single services
• Sometimes set up for financial reasons• Needing a fire engine
• Some deal with regional issues • water sources, cleanliness
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County Board
• Have legislative powers to pass ordinances • Local laws- Ordinances
• Can impose sales or property taxes• Makes decisions on how to fund
county-wide services.• County Seat- city where the
courthouse is located.
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Special Districts continued…
• Board or commission has the power to collect taxes for services
• Some employ user fees • Most common form is a school district
• Has an elected school board
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Local Gov’t Issues
• 1. Zoning- determines land usage. Determined by a planning board/dept.
• 2. Annexation- a municipality takes in adjacent land area into the city limit. Why? To increase its tax base. In NC, the controversial issue is involuntary annexation (residents do not get to decide).
• Extraterritorial Jurisdiction- area outside of city limits is under the authority of the municipal gov’t.
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Funding State and Local Gov’t
• The largest source of funding for state and local gov’t is intergovernmental revenue ($ passed down from the federal gov’t).
• State revenues: Income tax, Sales tax, Excise taxes (alcohol, tobacco, gas, etc.)
• Local revenues: 1. Property taxes
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Chapter 14
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Making Public Policies
• Short-term plans• Policy of community over the next couple
of years
• Long term plans• Guide for 10, 20 or 50 years
• Guesses what the communities needs will be• Addresses the need for infastructure
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Priorities vs. Resources
• Priorities• What a community thinks is important
• Resources• The money, people, materials needed to
get things done
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Master Plan
• States goals and how to meet them over time• If the plan is accepted it becomes public
policy• City or town council approve of funds• Mayor (executive) enforces the plan
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Vocabulary Quiz on Unit 5Chapters 12-14
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Education and Social Issues (2)
• Education is a power that belongs to _________?• 55 million students are enrolled in public
schools• 7 million students are enrolled in private
schools• Local responsibility under state guidelines
• Give two different ways schools are maintained.
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No Child Left Behind- 2001
• Schools who expect to receive federal funds must comply with certain standards in order to continue receiving those funds.• Certain percentage of passing students• 100% graduation rate• Maintaining high standards • Receive more or less money depending on
the ability to comply with these regulations
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No Child Left Behind- 2001
• Advantages-• Schools who are doing well are rewarded
monetarily• This increases resources including the
attraction of better teachers, equipment upgrades, and other supplies (building upgrades, etc.)
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No Child Left Behind- 2001
• Students are not considered based upon ability or availability of resources to begin with.
• Schools are not committed to individual students, only the student body as a whole.
• Many students who do well, do not get individual recognition or encouragement.
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How Schools are Funded
• Many schools are funded by property taxes.• Advantages?• Disadvantages?
• Challenges in Education• Low test scores• High drop out rates• Violence
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Public Education in NC
• Charter Schools• Receive funds from the state, however,
they don’t have to hold to the same standards (funded by state, acts like a private school).
• Vouchers• Parents use money from the public school
system to send kids to private schools, not used but some people want it.
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NC Court Cases related to Education
1. Leandro v. NC- parents of students from poor school district sued the state claiming that there child did not get equal education. Parents did not win.
• NC Const. requires that all students be provided an education.
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Solutions
• Privatization• Private companies contract with the school
district to run schools
• Mass Testing• Standardized tests developed to increase
accountability
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Social Issues
• Crime• Approximately 1 million inmates currently
are in prison• Highest number is found within cities due to
factors like poverty and high dropout rates• The main job of the police is o keep the peace
• They do this by using public policy as a way to get to know residents and get them involved in saftey
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Social Issues
• Welfare-1996• Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
passed by Congress• There are state set rules for welfare eligibility• 5 year lifetime limit on receiving welfare• Job training is offered for welfare recipients
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Environmental Issues (3)
• Federal Government did not pass the Clean Air Act and establish the Environmental protection Agency (EPA) until 1970
• Environmental issues were not a priority of the Federal Government
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Where Does Our Garbage Go?
• Landfills• They are filling up• They are damaging
underground reservoirs and streams
• NIMBY! attitude
• .
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Where Does Our Garbage Go?
• Incineration• Produces toxic
smoke• Causes air pollution• Pollution-control
devices for smoke stacks are very expensive
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Where Does Our Garbage Go?
• Recycling• Not everything is recyclable• http://www.earth911.org/master.asp
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Where Does Our Garbage Go?
• Conservation• Manufacturers are encouraged to use less
packaging
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Hazardous Waste
• Includes radioactive waste from nuclear plants• Pesticide runoff, motor oil, batteries• Used to dump these things in the ocean,
now most landfills are filled
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Protecting Air and Water
• Air Pollution• Try o reduce emissions by employing
• Smokestack scrubbers, efficient auto engines, lead free gas
• State of the Union Address?
• Water Pollution• Comes mainly from factories
• Waste disposal is regulated by the EPA
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Homework!!
• Read, Read, Read!
• Review Day Monday
• Test on Chapters 1-16 Tuesday!!!