unit 5 dna, replication, protein synthesis, cell division
TRANSCRIPT
RNA Nucleotide DNA Nucleotide
HE.5.B.1: MODEL THE COMPONENTS OF A DNA NUCLEOTIDE AND AN RNA
NUCLEOTIDE.
RNA Nucleotide DNA Nucleotide
HE.5.B.1: MODEL THE COMPONENTS OF A DNA NUCLEOTIDE AND AN RNA
NUCLEOTIDE.
• Sugar is ribose• Bases
include:• Adenine• Guanine• Cytosine• Uracil
• Sugar is deoxyribose• Bases include:• Adenine• Guanine• Cytosine• Thymine
HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING
BASE-PAIRING RULE.
Note packet page 9
HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING
BASE-PAIRING RULE.
•Overall Shape:•Double Helix• (looks like a twisted ladder)
HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING
BASE-PAIRING RULE.
•Nitrogen containing bases:• Adenine (A)• Thymine (T)• Cytosine (C)•Guanine (G)
HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING
BASE-PAIRING RULE.
• Base Pairing Rules:
• Adenine to Thymine• (A – T)
• Cytosine to Guanine• (C to G)
HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING
BASE-PAIRING RULE.
• Backbone:• Phosphate• Sugar (deoxyribose)
HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING
BASE-PAIRING RULE.
• Chargaff’s Rules:
• Amount of A always equals amount of T
• Amount of C always equals amount of G
RNA StructureSingle strandedSugar = riboseBases:
AdenineCytosineGuanineUracil
DNA Structure
Double strandedSugar = deoxyribose
Bases:AdenineCytosineGuanineThymine
HE.5.B.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA
AND RNA.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)Carries DNA messages from nucleus to ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Makes up part of the ribosome
Transfer RNA (tRNA)Reads mRNA and carries the correct amino acid to the ribosome
HE.5.B.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA
AND RNA.
RNA Function
Instructions for making/controlling all things in the cell
HE.5.B.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA
AND RNA.
DNA Function
DNA Replication:General Description:
Process of making an exact copy of DNA.
HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
Replication Process:1. Original DNA strands separate2. Complementary nucleotides attach
Use base pairing rules
3. Backbone formed to create new strandSugar and phosphates bond together
4. End Result: Two identical DNA molecules
Each has one original strand and one new strand
HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
Replication: Identify the structures1. Original DNA strands2. Complementary nucleotides3. DNA Polymerase (enzyme)4. Newly constructed DNA Strand
HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
DNA Replication occurs during the Synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle
HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
Terminology for Protein Synthesis:Transcription: Process of copying a DNA message onto an mRNA molecule.
Translation: Process of translating the message on an mRNA into a protein.
HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
Terminology for Protein Synthesis:mRNA: Carries the DNA message to the ribosome.
tRNA: reads the mRNA message and brings amino acids to the ribosome.
rRNA: makes up part of the ribosome.
HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
Terminology for Protein Synthesis:Codon: 3 letter “word” on mRNA that codes for an amino acid
Anticodon: 3 letter “word” on tRNA that matches the codon
Ribosome: structure in the cell where proteins are made
HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
Central Dogma1. DNA2. Transcription3. mRNA4. Translation5. Protein
HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
Example:DNA: TAC CGG TAA CGC
mRNA: AUG GCC AUU GCG
Amino Acid: Met Ala Ile Ala
HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
DNA determines sequence of mRNAmRNA is grouped into “codons” of 3 letters
Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid
tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome
Amino acids link together to make a protein
HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
Transcription Drawing
HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
Translation Drawing
MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS
1. Interphase2. Gap 1 (G1) Phase Does normal cell things, Cell grows,
makes more organelles
3. Synthesis (S) phase DNA Replication occurs
4. Gap 2 (G2) phase Same as G1
MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS
5. Cell Division (M-phase)6. Mitosis7. Cytokinesis8. Prophase9. Metaphase10.Anaphase11.Telophase12.Cytokinesis
MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS
Step 1: Interphase Purpose: Prepare the cell Gap 1 (G1): Normal cell things Cell grows and copies organelles
Synthesis (S): DNA Replication occurs
Gap 2 (G2): Same as G1
MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS
Step 2: Mitosis Purpose: divide the nucleus Prophase: Chromosomes condense Nuclear envelope disappears Spindle fibers form
MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS
Step 2: Mitosis Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along
equator (middle) Anaphase: Chromosomes pulled to
opposite ends of cell by spindle fibers
MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS
Step 2: Mitosis Telophase: Chromosomes uncoil Nuclear envelope re-
appears Spindle fibers disappear
MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS
Step 3: Cytokinesis Purpose: divide the cell
(cytoplasm) Occurs after telophase
when there are two nuclei in the cell
MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS
Step 3: Cytokinesis In plants: Cell plate forms down
middle of cell Cells break apart
MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS
Step 3: Cytokinesis In animals: Cell membrane pinches in Cells pinch apart
MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS
Why we need cell division: Growth Growing from a single cell to
an adult requires more cells
MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS
Why we need cell division: Replace dead/injured cells Cells must be replaced as
they are lost Example: skin cells
constantly shed and must be replaced
MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS
Why we need cell division: Replace cells after illness Immune responses destroy
healthy and sick cells
MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS
MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE,
METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE
PMATP=ProphaseM=MetaphaseA=AnaphaseT=Telophase
MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE,
METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE
MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE,
METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE
Parent Cell: Interphase• Diploid• Somatic (body) cell• DNA is copied
Prophase: • Chromosomes
condense• Nuclear envelope
disappears• Spindle fibers form
MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE,
METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE
Metaphase:• Chromosomes line
up along equator (middle)• Chromosomes
attached to spindle fibersAnaphase: • Chromosomes pulled
apart by spindle fibers
MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE,
METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE
Telophase:• Chromosomes uncoil• Nuclear envelopes
re-appear• Spindle fibers
disappear
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
1st division of Meiosis:• Almost identical to mitosis• Difference = chromatids on
homologous chromosomes can switch• Called crossing over
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
2nd division of Meiosis:• This division cuts chromosome # in
half• Still similar to mitosis• Difference: end up with 4 unique
haploid cells
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
Purpose of Meiosis:• To create gametes or sex cells that are
haploid
Importance of creating haploid cells:• A gamete has to fuse with another
gamete to make a new individual (fertilization)• If each had full set of chromosomes,
the new individual would have twice as many chromosomes
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
How does each sex cell become unique:
• Chromosomes line up randomly• Crossing over occurs
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
Fertilization:
• Fusion of gametes to create a new individual
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
Egg and Sperm each created through meiosis
Egg and Sperm combine during Fertilization
Fertilization creates a new individual
Egg = Haploid Egg(haploid) +
Sperm(haploid)
= New Individual
Cell (diploid)Sperm = Haploid
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
Somatic Cells Gametes:
• Body Cells•Diploid
• Sex Cells (egg or sperm)•Haploid
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
1.Autosomes• Regular
chromosomes• 22 pairs in
humans
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
2. Homologous Chromosomes• A pair of
chromosomes• 1 from mom• 1 from dad• Same genes on
each one; just different versions
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
3. Sex Chromosomes• 23rd or last pair
in humans• Determine
gender• Females have XX• Males have XY
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
Diploid Cell: Haploid Cell:
• Has 2 copies of each chromosome
• These are somatic cells
• Has 1 copy of each chromosome
• These are gametes1 from mom’s egg1 from dad’s sperm
Egg for females
Sperm for males
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
Diploid Haploid
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
Mitosis vs. MeiosisMitosis Meiosis
1. Makes diploid cells
1. Makes haploid cells
2. Creates identical cells
2. Creates unique cells
3. Makes somatic cells
3. Makes gametes
4. Used to grow & heal
4. Used to create sex cells for reproduction
5. Cell divides once 5. Cell divides twice
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
Mitosis:
Diploid Parent Cell
Nucleus then cell divides
DNA Replication
Diploid daughter cells
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
Meiosis Part I:
Diploid Parent Cell
Nucleus then cell divides
DNA Replication
Diploid daughter cells
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
Meiosis Part II:
Diploid daughter cells from 1st division
Haploid daughter cells
cell divides again
MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
Haploid Diploid
Human 23 46
Earthworm 18 36