Unit 5 – DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis, & Genetic Engineering

• Structure and function of DNA & RNA • Replication, Transcription, & Translation • Genetic mutations • Biotechnology

EQ: What is the relationship between chromosomes, the nucleus, histones, DNA, genes? p280

EQ: What is DNA, what is it made up of & why is important p 345 What DNA = De-oxy-ribo-nucleic Acid

• Shape = double helix

• Sides = 5Csugar, phosphate joined by covalent bond

• Rung or steps = bases pairs / name bases

Adenine + Thymine A pairs w T

Guanine + Cytosine G pairs w C

• Bases are connected w hydrogen bond

• Nucleotide= deoxyribose sugar + phosphate + Base

DNA’s Importance Proteins, enzymes, inheritance,

heredity, genes, common ancestor, storing –transmitting

and copying .information (p 343)

Chargoff’s Rule says

% of A = % of T and % of C = %of G (p345)

EQ1.Steps in Replication ProcessIn S phase of Interphase of Cell Cycle where DNA replicates

Enzyme----ase What happens.

A.Unzipping of DNA molecule Helicase pp351BksDNA separates, H2 bonds break, bases exposed.

B. Nucleotides with bases are added.This happens continuously in the leading strand..in 5C3C direction

DNA Polymerase

1.Bases added2. Proofreads each new DNA strandPP351 New Books

C. DNA fragments or pieces made in lagging strand are joined become one.

DNA ligase Fragments are joined together as one

D. In slow replicating parts of the cell 352

Telomerase Speeds up copying.Protects cells from damage.

EQ2: How is replication in Prokaryotes different from eukaryotes 353

PP353 NEWPro-Replication starts from 1 single pointEuk-Replication starts from many points

EQ: DNA REPLICATION-Start with 1 DNA-end w.2 DNA each new DNA has a strand from original DNA.

EQ: Who are the Scientists that are related to the History or Science of DNA? (p349) … Examine the Timeline … Know who was responsible for what …. EQ: What is RNA, Why is it important, & How does it differ from DNA? (p362)

1.DNA=deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA=Ribonucleic acid 2.DNA-has a deoxyribose sugar RNA has a ribose sugar 3.DNA has a double helix shape RNA has a single strand 4.DNA has bases A+T and C+G RNA has bas A+U (uracil) and C+G Importance Making of Proteins from Amino Acids Types of RNA mRNA=messenger tRNA=transfer RNA rRNa=ribosomal RNA

Mutations in GENES:

SUBSTITUTION:

FRAMESHIFT:

Mutations in CHROMOSOMES: MUTAGENS & EXAMPLES OF MUTATIONS:

GENETIC ENGINEERING (p 421-426) EQ: What is Genetic Engineering , recombinant DNA & transgenic organisms.424+426

EQ: How do restriction enzymes work and why are Restriction enzymes important Examples of restriction enzymes = Endonucleases p 424 EQ: What are vectors/plasmid and why are they required after restriction enzymes cut DNA p424 EQ: How Differ: Polymerase Chain Reaction-DNA is multiplied artificially as opposed to bacterial transformation + cloning p 523 EQ: What is Sequencing DNA EQ: Bacterial Transformation p 425 EQ: Gel Electrophoresis EQ: What are Examples of uses of GE Genetically engineered Bacteria used to make insulin for diabetic humans and blood clotting substances for hemophilia BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION (p524-525)

Restriction enzymes / Recombinant DNA/ Plasmids

GEL ELECTROPORESIS (p422)

EQ: What are some of the Ethical Issues / Concerns about using Genetic Engineering? *Confidentiality and Patents over using DNA *Safety of (GMO’s) Genetically Modified Organisms in foods like vegetables and animals. *Concerns about whether the effects of GE on agriculture can be beneficial or harmful. *Some people have religious concerns as they believe GE is humans playing God.

UNIT 5 VOCABULARY – DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis & Genetic Engineering 5.1 - chromosome, hydrogen-bond, base- pairing, Franklin, DNA-bases, nucleotide, Watson & Crick, gene, replication, Chargaff, double-helix, deoxyribose, pentose, DNA –polymerase, helicase. 5.2 - transcription, promoter, nucleus, RNA –polymerase, stop-codon , translation, amino-acid, protein, ribosome, polypeptide, peptide-bond, protein-synthesis, intron, exon, Ribosomal-RNA(rRNA), Messenger-RNA(mRNA), Transfer-RNA(tRNA), anticodon, codon, , gene- expression, ribose. 5.3 - mutation, frameshift-mutation , point-mutation, gene-mutation, chromosomal-mutation, substitution, gamete, mutagen, somatic cell, polyploidy, triploidy, karotype, genome, sex-chromosomes, autosomes, non-disjunction (Downs syndrome) 5.4 - genetic-engineering, GMO (genetically modified organism), plasmid, vector, restriction –enzyme, recombinant-DNA , transgenic- organism, transformation,