Unit 5 Lesson 8

Unit 5 Lesson 8Some of the information repeats from Lesson 7 (but this is the new and improved version)Student will be able toDiscuss the 3rd Agricultural Revolution, Green Revolution, and Agribusiness 3rd Agricultural RevolutionCommercial agriculture: Crops and livestock that are farmed for cash and are considered commodities, intended to be exchanged for payment; more likely to focus on one or two items in order to gain a maximum return on investment (Malinowski & Kaplan, 2014, p. G-1). Dates are always flexible for most of these thingsTechnically started in late 19th century One textbook states 1930s, another says 1950sThree Phases (No, you dont have to memorize this, but its an easier way to learn it)MechanizationChemical FarmingFood manufacturingMechanization Widespread replacement of human labor with farm labor.Occurs in U.S. 1880s and 1890sOccurs widespread post World War II in EuropeHas not occurred in a lot of countries, especially to the extent it has in the U.S.Tractors are a key aspect of mechanization Tractors, combines, reapers, pickers, and other machines also are part of it.

Chemical Farming Wide spread use in U.S. 1950s, Europe in 1960s, semi-periphery 1970sApplication of synthetic fertilizers to the soilHerbicides: Toxic to plants and used to destroy unwanted vegetation Fungicides: Chemical the destroys fungusPesticides: Used to destroy insects or other organisms harmful to plants or to animals Significant environmental concerns as a resultRunoff into oceans

Use is occurring more in semi-periphery and periphery countries than core countries. Core countries are still the largest users (Knox & Marston)Food Manufacturing Mechanization & Chemical Farming Deal with outputsFood Manufacturing deals with working with the outputFood manufacturing: adds economic value to agricultural products through a range of treatments-processing, canning, refining, packing, packaging, and on-occurring off the farm and before the products reach the market (Knox & Marston, 2013, p. 269).Combining the economic sectors of agriculture & manufacturingThink back to the pineapples; theyre processed where they are grownYou make more money the less people that are involved in a process

Agribusiness Agribusiness: A large company that owns the land and hires individuals to cultivate crops or raise livestock (Malinowski and Kaplan, 2013). These are corporations, not typically individual farmers, but there are still individual farmers who do food manufacturing. Think: Tyson, Butterball, and suppliers to companies like McDonaldsWill hirer other farmers, but will have a standardized process Focus on efficiency and lower pricesCriticism regarding over crowding and over use of antibiotics Some use growth hormones, such a steroids to make animals bigger and fatter faster

Organic Farming (Typically in Response Against Agribusiness)

Some countries, like the EU, wont allow U.S. beef imports because of the use of growth hormones.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency defines organically grown as using no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides (so manure is okay)

This is a commercial for an organic beef company.Green Revolution (Falls under 3rd Agricultural Revolution)1960s Core Countries began exporting fertilizers and high-yielding seeds to the periphery and semi-periphery Mostly Asia and Mexico to boost global production Essentially providing western farming methods to subsistence agricultural regionsIncreased yields.BUT..Really expensive, very few can afford it and concentrated wealth in some areas (the inputs are expensive)Culturally disenfranchised women Bio revolution (Also falls under 3rd Agricultural Revolution)Biorevolution: involves the genetic engineering of plants and animals some argue it will outstrip the Green Revolution in terms of worldwide production (Knox & Marston, 2013). Field starts with Mendel in 1800s, but has really thrived in last fifty-sixty years. Uses biotechnology: Technique that uses living organisms (or parts of organisms) to improve, make, or modify plants and animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses (Knox & Marston, 2013). Think back to the corn video; some corns have higher yields or might be resistant to types of insects

This is probably easier for you to look at on your own from the power point.