unit 5: oceanography. general information 70% of the world is covered by water types of research...
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Unit 5: OceanographyUnit 5: Oceanography
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General InformationGeneral Information
• 70% of the world is covered by water
• Types of research– Core Samples– Mini Submarines– Satellites
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Properties of WaterProperties of Water
• Density– Cold water is more dense than warm– Ice is less dense than liquid water
• BP= 100 C
• FP = 0 C
• Polarity– Water molecules have a (+ and — ) charge– Water molecules attract substances with ionic
bonds– Water with dissolved ions is called a solution
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Properties of Ocean WaterProperties of Ocean Water
• Dissolved Ions– Chlorine and Sodium– Salinity refers to the amount of dissolved salt– Salinity increases the density of water
• Salinity varies slightly from place to place– Evaporation increases salinity– Freshwater decreases salinity
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Temperature ProfileTemperature Profile
• Surface– Water is mixed by wind– Temperature is relatively uniform
• Middle Zone– Thermocline: a rapid drop in temperature
• Deep Water– Cold near freezing
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Ocean LifeOcean Life
• Phytoplankton : single celled plants
• Zooplankton: single celled animals
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Ocean FloorOcean Floor
• Ocean Floor : Methods of Study– Sonar: Bounce sound waves off bottom– Core Sample: study of ocean floor– Satellites: detect changes in the surface of
ocean water
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Ocean FloorOcean Floor
• Continental Margin– Continental Shelf: extension of continent– Continental Slope: where shelf drops into ocean
basin– Continental Rise: sediment buildup at the
bottom of the basin– Submarine Canyon: eroded into slope by
turbidity currents
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Active and Passive MarginActive and Passive Margin
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Submarine CanyonSubmarine Canyon
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Ocean FloorOcean Floor
• Ocean Basin– Abyssal Plain ; flattest area of ocean floor– Deep sea trench: formed at subduction
boundary– Seamounts and Guyots: mountains that rise
from the ocean floor– Mid-Ocean Ridge- center of seafloor spreading
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Transform faultsTransform faults
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Formation of an AtollFormation of an Atoll
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Ocean Floor sedimentsOcean Floor sediments
• Terrigenous: (nonliving) sand, mud and clay
• Biogenious: (living) made up of microscopic shells
• Hydrogenous: formed by a chemical reaction causing sediment to precipitate out of water
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The Movement of Ocean WaterThe Movement of Ocean Water
• The Movement of Ocean Water• Ocean current: any continuous flow of ocean
water• Winds drive Surface Currents
– Clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere– Counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere– Warm Currents originate at the equator– Cold currents originate at the poles– Countercurrents flow in opposite direction from
windblown currents
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The Movement of Ocean WaterThe Movement of Ocean Water
• Currents Under The surface– Density Currents
• Move slowly• Caused by: temperature, sediments(turbidity) and
evaporation
– Cold waters from the poles create density currents
– Evaporation in the Mediterranean creates density currents
– Upwelling: caused by winds parallel to shore
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TidesTides
• Created by the pull of gravity from the moon and sun
• Spring tide: highest tide
• Neap tide: lowest tide
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