UNIT 5

Pathology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Prefixes dys-, brady-, tachy- poly-, syn-

“C” Rule of Pronunciation

When followed by o, u, a, or a consonant, “c” is pronounced with a “k” sound:

coat, cut, cake, cluck

When followed by i, e, or y, “c” is pronounced with a soft “c” or “s” sound:

city, cereal, cycle

“C” Rule of Pronunciation

Hard “c” words:coloncardiaccoccicoccuschlamydiacandida

Soft “c” words:cystocelebacillicerebralencephalitiscyanosiscystectomy

Disease-producing microorganismscocci bacilli curved rods

viruses

other pathogens

Cocci:spherically shaped bacteria

Cocci growing in pairs = dipl/o/cocci

Cocci growing in twisted chains = strept/o/cocci (Streptococcus pyogenes)

Cocci growing in clusters = staphyl/o/cocci (Staphylococus aureus)

Bacilli:rod-shaped bacteria

Rod-shaped bacteria growing in pairs =dipl/o/bacilliRod-shaped bacteria growing in twisted chains =strept/o/bacilli

Singular/PluralBacterium = singular formBacteria = plural form

Coccus = singular formCocci = plural form

Bacillus = singular formBacilli = plural form

Staphyl/oGreek for “a cluster of grapes”Also refers to the palatine uvula

The “hangy-down”thing in the backof the mouth.

Py/o

The combining form used for words involving pus

a liquid inflammation product made up of cells (leukocytes), a thin fluid, and cellular debris

-rrhea

a suffix meaning flow or discharge:diarrheapyorrheaotorrhearhinorrhea

Ot/o

Greek word root meaning ear

Tympan/o

Greek word root meaning eardrum

Prefixes:

a- not, lack of (before a consonant)an- not, lack of (before a vowel)brady- abnormally slowdys-difficult, abnormal, poor, painfultachy- abnormally fast

Audi/ocombining form for hearing

Phon/ocombining form for voice or vocal sounds

combining form for speech

Phas/o

Rhin/ofrom the Greek word meaning nose-horn

Lith/othe combining form for calculus or stone

the combining form for gall or bile

Chol/e

Pne/o

from the Greek word for breath

-pneaa suffix meaning breathing

Peps/o

from the Greek word for digestion

More prefixes:hyper- more than or abovehypo- less than or belowmicro- smallmacro- largesyn- with or togetherpro- beforepoly- too much or too many

Sound made by “c” followed by an “o”A. sB. kC. jD. x

Sound made by “c” followed by an “i”

A. sB. kC. jD. x

Plural for round-shaped bacteria

A. bacilliB. bacillusC. coccusD. cocci

Prefix for double

A. tri-B. diplo-C. daplo-D. ex-

Combining form for twisted chains

A. strepB. streptoC. stretpD. strept

Combining form for uvula

A. staphyloB. streptoC. vulvoD. uvul

Suffix for flow or discharge

A. -itisB. -rrhagiaC. -pneaD. -rrhea

Combining form for ear

A. audioB. tympanoC. otoD. oculo

Suffix for surgical repair

A. -acopyB. -tomyC. -ectomyD. -plasty

Combining form for bile (gall)

A. choleB. calculC. lithD. bil

Singular for rod-shaped bacteria

A. bacillaB. bacillusC. coccusD. bacterium

Combining form for pus

A. genicB. gen/oC. staphyl/oD. py/o

Word root for nose

A. otB. rhinC. nas/oD. lith

Suffix meaning infestation

A. -iasisB. -pathyC. -lithD. -oid

Suffix for breathing

A. -pneB. -pneoC. -pneaD. -pepsia

Combining form for heat

A. temperoB. thermalC. thermoD. Fahrenheit

Prefix for small

A. incro-B. macro-C. micro-D. hypo-

Prefix for large

A. macro-B. megaly-C. micro-D. poly-

Prefix for join together

A. inter-B. intra-C. osis-D. syn-

Suffix for thirst

A. -hydroB. -dipsiaC. -maniaD. -poly

Word root for finger or toe (digits)

A. acroB. dactylC. digitD. phalang

Prefix for many or much

A. poly-B. olig-C. hyper-D. sub-