Unit 5 Seminar:Prewriting Strategies and

APA Review

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What is Prewriting?

• What is prewriting?

• What are some types of prewriting techniques?

Prewriting Techniques

• Freewriting• Brainstorming• Bubbling• Clustering• Listing• Informal Outlining

Prewriting

• Why should we engage in prewriting? • How does it help a writer?

Why Prewrite?

• Helps us get ideas on the page/screen before we judge their usability

• Allows for free association of ideas• Gives us a chance to ask questions• Assists in determining sources and points to

be covered

Artist and Judge

• Artist = Prewriting– Creates new ideas– Allows for free thought– Does not focus on how

point will be used– Credibility is not an issue

• Judge = Decisions– Looks at ideas for

usefulness and accuracy– Considers which ideas

are to be used in paper– Evaluates research

associated with points

Organizing Research

• What are some tips you can offer for organizing the info from all those sources you collect?

Organizing Research

• Consider the following organizational strategies:– Print and mark up hard copy sources– Save files to desktop or flash drive folder– Create a Word document that contains any

copied/pasted pieces of material you wish to use• Be sure to include the correct citations with the pieces

Index Card Trick

• Buy a stack of index cards• On one side write the quoted material you

wish to use• On the other side write the APA citation– Quotes are available whenever you want them– Citations are already done when you put the

information into the paper– You can easily move the material around

(physically) to help organize the research

Giving Credit

• When do I have to give credit to a source?

• Where do I give credit?

Giving Credit

When?--Anytime you borrow information from that source.– We incorporate this borrowed material in our

essays by …• Quoting it directly• Putting it into our own words (paraphrasing)

***Thus, we must cite our sources anytime we quote our source directly or anytime we paraphrase (put the info from that source into our own wording).

Giving Credit

Where do I give credit?

• You need to cite your sources within your essay using in-text citation methods.

AND• At the end of your essay on a Reference page.

Giving Credit

• When do I have to give credit to a source?– Anytime you borrow information from that source.– We incorporate this borrowed material in our

essays by …• Quoting it directly• Putting it into our own words (paraphrasing)

***Thus, we must cite our sources anytime we quote our source directly or anytime we paraphrase (put the info from that source into our own wording).

When to quote or paraphrase In general, paraphrase much, much more than you

quote. Use quotations for distinctive words (“ask not what your

country can do for you,”), some statistics you cannot otherwise change, or dialogue.

Use paraphrase for everything else, trying always to simplify ideas for your readers.

Above all, do not use a series of paraphrases and quotations as your whole paragraph. This is a compilation of sources; we are writing original work, not repeating our sources’ ideas only.

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What is paraphrasing and how is it done?

Any tips for paraphrasing??

Is the following an effective paraphrase? Why not?

Original: “Procedures like rhinoplasty and breast augmentation should be performed only on kids who are fully grown. Otoplasty (pinning back the ears), however, can be done starting at the age of 5 or 6.”

Paraphrase: Operations such as rhinoplasty and breast surgery should be conducted only on children who are grown. Otoplasty, on the other hand, can be performed beginning at age 5 or 6 (Springen, 2004).

**The problem with this paraphrase is that it remains too close to the original in wording and in structure. Only a few words are changed here and there in an attempt to make it their, and the structure is exactly the same. It needs to be made more original than that, as done in the previous slide.

PARAPHRASE EXAMPLELet’s paraphrase the following passage taken from Karen Springen’s 11/01/04 Newsweek article, “Kids Under the Knife.” :

“Procedures like rhinoplasty and breast augmentation should be performed only on kids who are fully grown. Otoplasty (pinning back the ears), however, can be done starting at the age of 5 or 6.”

Sample Paraphrase: While children as young as age 5 or 6 are suitable candidates for otoplasty, they must be grown in order to undergo plastic surgeries involving the nose or breasts (Springen, 2004).

Paraphrasing Review“Consumers should also be advised that caution be exercised in the consumption of

stimulant drinks with alcohol or in association with sport and the products should carry a clear statement on the label to this effect” (Finnegan, 2003, p. 147).

2 key points here:1) Be careful when drinking stimulant drinks with alcohol or when playing sports2) These drinks should have a warning label regarding that.

So how do I paraphrase?

Paraphrase

• According to Finnegan (2003), stimulant drinks should contain warning labels that advise consumers to be cautious when drinking these beverages with alcohol or while playing sports.

Creating APA Citations

• Citations are ways to document something– Consider parking or traffic violation citations• They document that the driver broke a rule, when it

happened, and where• They show the reader where the information came from and

are used within the essay and on the reference page.• In-text citations are short “keys” to the full citations on the

reference page.• Reference page citations include all of the publication

information so that readers can access the sources.

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In-text citation for a direct quote:

What elements do we need when citing a direct quote in our essay?

•The author•The year of publication•The page number (if available….many electronic sources won’t have page numbers)

**There are some exceptions to this (sometimes you don’t have an author listed, etc.), which we’ll discuss later, but these are generally the elements to include.

ACCEPTABLE METHODS OF IN-TEXT CITATION FOR DIRECT QUOTE:

Karen Springen’s 11/01/04 Newsweek article, “Kids Under the Knife” on p. 54 :“Procedures like rhinoplasty and breast augmentation should be performed only on kids who are fully

grown.”

A. Springen (2004) writes, “Procedures like rhinoplasty and breast augmentation should be performed only on kids who are fully grown” (p. 54).

B. “Procedures like rhinoplasty and breast augmentation should be performed only on kids who are fully grown” (Springen, 2004, p.54).

C. Springen in a 2004 study asserts, “Procedures like rhinoplasty and breast augmentation should be performed only on kids who are fully grown” (p. 54).

D. Springen asserts, “Procedures like rhinoplasty and breast augmentation should be performed only on kids who are fully grown” (2004, p. 54).

These are all acceptable ways to present the required in-text citation for a direct quote. I’ve placed those required citation elements in bold just to bring your attention to those (you wouldn’t of course use bold text in your writing).

In-text citation for a paraphrase:

What elements do we need within our essay when paraphrasing info from a source?

•Author•Year of publication

The source is Karen Springen’s 11/01/04 Newsweek article, “Kids Under the Knife” on p. 54 :“Procedures like rhinoplasty and breast augmentation should be performed only on kids who are

fully grown.”

ACCEPTABLE METHODS FOR IN-TEXT CITATION OF A PARAPHRASE:

A. According to Springen (2004), only grown children should undergo plastic surgery on the nose and breasts.

B. Only grown children should undergo plastic surgery on the nose and breasts (Springen, 2004).

C. According to a 2004 Springen study, only grown children should undergo plastic surgery on the nose and breasts.

D. Springen asserts that only grown children should undergo plastic surgery on the nose and breasts (2004).

Again, these are all acceptable ways to present the required citation information. Sometimes you might mention all of the required elements within the sentence, and thus, would not need a parenthetical citation at the end of that sentence, as in A and C.

Other times, as in B, you might want to put all the citation info in parentheses after the sentence. Sometimes, as in D, you may want to separate the author and the year, putting author in the

sentence and saving year for the parentheses.

Where do I learn more about APA style?

•See Unit 4 Homepage under the “Extra,Extra” tab, •See the video under the Quiz icon on the Unit 4 Homepage. •Also, see the following pages in Chapter 12 of your handbook:

pp. 208-209 (overview of in-text citations and reference pages)pp. 211-214 (examples of in-text citation)pp. 214-221 (sample reference page entries)

•Chapters 11-13 will all be helpful in your research and citation process.

References

Ferguson, A., Liss, S., Dowell, W., Drummond, T., Grace, J., Harrington, M., et.al. (1999, July 12).

Inside the crazy culture of kids sports. Time, 154(2), 52-61. Retrieved February 7, 2005,

from MasterFile Premier database.

Lancaster, S. (2001, January 22). Fixing kids’sports. Christian Science Monitor, 93(39), 13. Retrieved

February 7, 2005, from MasterFile Premier database.

Lord, M. (2000, May 15). When cheers turn into jeers (and tears). U.S. News & World Report, 128

(19), 52. Retrieved February 2, 2005, from MasterFile Premier database.

Mom! It’s only a game. (1999, December 10). Christian Science Monitor, 92(12), 11. Retrieved February 7,

2005, from MasterFile Premier database.

In text-citationBookmarking your favorite APA citation website

and referring to it often is the number one tip most students prefer when learning APA (“Zany ways,” 2004).

Should match up with full citation in reference page………

References

Hughes, M. (2004). How to Master APA Style. New

York: Citation Central.

Leigh, V., Mitchell, M., & Wilkes, A. (1993). Gone With the

References. Atlanta: Reference Press.

Zany ways to learn citation. (2004, May). Psychology Today,

98(11), 100-102.