Unit 6 Take FiveUnit 6 Take Five

When should the U.S. When should the U.S. intervene in the affairs of intervene in the affairs of another country?another country?

In what ways do dramatic In what ways do dramatic headlines influence headlines influence American opinion?American opinion?

ImperialisImperialismm

American ExpansionAmerican Expansion

ImperialismImperialism policy policy in which stronger in which stronger nations extend their nations extend their economic, political, economic, political, or military control or military control over weaker nationsover weaker nations

Early 1900’s only Early 1900’s only two nations in Africa two nations in Africa have their have their independence independence

Reasons for ImperialismReasons for Imperialism

1.1. Desire for Military StrengthDesire for Military Strength Alfred T. Mahan Alfred T. Mahan Admiral of the U.S. Navy, Admiral of the U.S. Navy,

famous for advocating the build of U.S. famous for advocating the build of U.S. military, wrote military, wrote Sea Power upon History,Sea Power upon History,

Great White FleetGreat White FleetTrip Around the WorldTrip Around the World

Teddy’s Proof of Naval Power, Teddy’s Proof of Naval Power, December 16, 1907- February 22, 1909December 16, 1907- February 22, 1909

Reasons for ImperialismReasons for Imperialism

2.2. Thirst for New MarketsThirst for New Markets New technology leads to surplus of goodsNew technology leads to surplus of goods Which leads to a need for more marketsWhich leads to a need for more markets

3.3. Cultural SuperiorityCultural Superiority Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism WASP SuperiorityWASP Superiority

Buying AlaskaBuying Alaska

William SewardWilliam Seward Secretary of State, Secretary of State, advocated the advocated the purchase of purchase of Alaska territory Alaska territory from Russia for from Russia for $7.2 million in $7.2 million in 18671867

2 cents an acre2 cents an acre

Acquiring HawaiiAcquiring Hawaii

1850’s American-owned sugar plantations 1850’s American-owned sugar plantations account for ¾ of islands wealthaccount for ¾ of islands wealth

In 1875, U.S. agrees to import Hawaiian In 1875, U.S. agrees to import Hawaiian sugar duty-free, leads to large increase in sugar duty-free, leads to large increase in productionproduction

McKinley Tariff of 1890 ends this, creates McKinley Tariff of 1890 ends this, creates competition with American planterscompetition with American planters

Planters call for annexation of Hawaii so Planters call for annexation of Hawaii so they could forgo paying duty-taxthey could forgo paying duty-tax

Acquiring HawaiiAcquiring Hawaii

1887, U.S. 1887, U.S. pressures pressures Hawaii to Hawaii to allow U.S. to allow U.S. to build a Naval build a Naval Base at Base at Pearl Pearl Harbor.Harbor.

Acquiring HawaiiAcquiring Hawaii

Hawaii’s King Kalakaua, who was strong Hawaii’s King Kalakaua, who was strong armed by farmers, dies in 1891armed by farmers, dies in 1891

Sister, Sister, Queen LiliuokalaniQueen Liliuokalani comes to power and comes to power and begins “Hawaii for Hawaiians” campaignbegins “Hawaii for Hawaiians” campaign

Ambassador John L. Stevens with help of Ambassador John L. Stevens with help of Marines, organizes and carries out the Marines, organizes and carries out the overthrow of the Queen.overthrow of the Queen.

New government headed by New government headed by Sanford B. DoleSanford B. Dole On Aug. 12, 1898, Congress proclaimed On Aug. 12, 1898, Congress proclaimed

Hawaii a U.S. territoryHawaii a U.S. territory

Top Left: King Kalakaua

Top Right: Queen Liliuokalani

Bottom Left: Sanford B. Dole

Cuba RebelsCuba Rebels

By the end of the 19By the end of the 19thth century Spanish century Spanish empire has dwindledempire has dwindled

1854 U.S. tried to buy Cuba from 1854 U.S. tried to buy Cuba from SpainSpain

1868-1878, first Cuban rebellion, 1868-1878, first Cuban rebellion, unsuccessful, however it does lead to unsuccessful, however it does lead to the abolition of slavery in 1886the abolition of slavery in 1886

1895 second revolution in Cuba 1895 second revolution in Cuba beginsbegins

Cuba LibreCuba Libre

Jose Marti Jose Marti Cuban Cuban poet and journalist, poet and journalist, organized a second organized a second Cuban RevolutionCuban Revolution

Marti used Guerilla Marti used Guerilla campaigns targeted campaigns targeted at destroying at destroying American-owned American-owned propertyproperty

Marti wanted to entice Marti wanted to entice U.S. interventionU.S. intervention

Spain’s ResponseSpain’s Response

Spain responds to Spain responds to revolt by sending revolt by sending Valeriano WeylerValeriano Weyler

Weyler “The Weyler “The Butcher” sets up Butcher” sets up concentration concentration camps to control camps to control the rural population the rural population (300,000)(300,000)

Headline NewsHeadline News

Yellow Journalism Yellow Journalism sensationalized and/or sensationalized and/or exaggerated stories written to lure and enrage exaggerated stories written to lure and enrage readers readers

Hearst (New York Journal) and Pulitzer (New Hearst (New York Journal) and Pulitzer (New York World) used their publications to fan war York World) used their publications to fan war feverfever

Hearst, speaking to his staff artist, stated, “You Hearst, speaking to his staff artist, stated, “You furnish me the pictures and I’ll furnish the war” furnish me the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”

De Lome LetterDe Lome Letter

1897, McKinley takes office1897, McKinley takes office McKinley tries diplomacy to deter warMcKinley tries diplomacy to deter war Successful at first as Spain recalls Successful at first as Spain recalls

WeylerWeyler Feb. 9Feb. 9thth 1898, De Lome Letter published 1898, De Lome Letter published

in New York Journal, letter calls McKinley in New York Journal, letter calls McKinley “weak” and “a bidder for the admiration “weak” and “a bidder for the admiration of the crowd”of the crowd”

War EruptsWar Erupts

Late January 1898, Late January 1898, U.S.S. MaineU.S.S. Maine arrives arrives in the Havana Harborin the Havana Harbor

February 15, 1898 the U.S.S. Maine February 15, 1898 the U.S.S. Maine explodes in the Havana Harborexplodes in the Havana Harbor

Blamed on a Spanish mineBlamed on a Spanish mine 4 months later the U.S. declares war on 4 months later the U.S. declares war on

SpainSpain

Spanish American WarSpanish American War War declared on April 20War declared on April 20thth

18981898 War was declared even War was declared even

though Spain met every though Spain met every diplomatic demand of the diplomatic demand of the U.S. including a six month U.S. including a six month cease-firecease-fire

First battle takes place in the First battle takes place in the PhilippinesPhilippines

George DeweyGeorge Dewey commander commander of the Pacific Fleet of the of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S. Navy, they lead the first U.S. Navy, they lead the first attack of the war by attack of the war by destroying every Spanish destroying every Spanish ship in the Philippines. ship in the Philippines.

The War in the Caribbean The War in the Caribbean & the Rough Riders& the Rough Riders

Hostilities in the Caribbean began as a Hostilities in the Caribbean began as a blockade.blockade.

U.S. Navy effectively sealed up Spanish U.S. Navy effectively sealed up Spanish Fleet in CubaFleet in Cuba

In June 1898, 17,000 U.S. troops land in In June 1898, 17,000 U.S. troops land in CubaCuba

Troops are largely made up of volunteer Troops are largely made up of volunteer forces including the cavalry unit the forces including the cavalry unit the Rough Rough Riders Riders

San Juan HillSan Juan Hill

July 1 1898, Roosevelt’s cavalry unit MinusJuly 1 1898, Roosevelt’s cavalry unit Minus the charge uphill at nearby Kettle Hill and the charge uphill at nearby Kettle Hill and

secure a victory.secure a victory. The victory cleared the way for an attack on The victory cleared the way for an attack on

San Juan Hill in which the U.S. wins another San Juan Hill in which the U.S. wins another important battle.important battle.

Two days after the capture of San Juan Hill Two days after the capture of San Juan Hill Spanish Fleet tries to escape U.S. fleet and are Spanish Fleet tries to escape U.S. fleet and are destroyeddestroyed

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

Armistice, (cease-fire) ends fighting on Armistice, (cease-fire) ends fighting on August 12August 12thth

U.S. and Spain meet in Paris to settle the U.S. and Spain meet in Paris to settle the terms of the treatyterms of the treaty

Spain frees Cuba and sells the Spain frees Cuba and sells the Philippines to the U.S. for 20 millionPhilippines to the U.S. for 20 million

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

Spain also gives the United States Spain also gives the United States control of Guam and Puerto Rico control of Guam and Puerto Rico

Treaty set off debate over whether or not Treaty set off debate over whether or not the United States could annex these the United States could annex these territoriesterritories

Senate on February 6, 1899, approved Senate on February 6, 1899, approved the Treaty of Paristhe Treaty of Paris

Take Five…Take Five…

The Spanish-American War was fought toThe Spanish-American War was fought to

a. allow Cuba to become a part of the U.S.a. allow Cuba to become a part of the U.S.

b. Free Cuba from Spanish ruleb. Free Cuba from Spanish rule

c. Assist Spain in establishing control of the c. Assist Spain in establishing control of the Cuban governmentCuban government

d. Remove the U.S. military presence in d. Remove the U.S. military presence in CubaCuba

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico During the Spanish-American War During the Spanish-American War

Puerto Rico was controlled U.S. forcesPuerto Rico was controlled U.S. forces The U.S. decides after war that Puerto The U.S. decides after war that Puerto

Rico is too important to give up b/c of its Rico is too important to give up b/c of its location relative to the Panama Canallocation relative to the Panama Canal

1900, Congress passes 1900, Congress passes Foraker Act, Foraker Act, this act ends military rule and sets up a this act ends military rule and sets up a civil government in Puerto Ricocivil government in Puerto Rico

Also gives the President the right to Also gives the President the right to chose Puerto Rico’s Governorchose Puerto Rico’s Governor

Cuba and the U.S.Cuba and the U.S.

When war was declared on Spain the When war was declared on Spain the U.S. recognized Cuba’s independenceU.S. recognized Cuba’s independence

Following the war Cuba was independent Following the war Cuba was independent however, the U.S. occupied the country however, the U.S. occupied the country until 1903until 1903

1900 Cuba’s gov’t wrote a constitution, it 1900 Cuba’s gov’t wrote a constitution, it failed to mention their relationship with failed to mention their relationship with the U.S. the U.S.

Cuba and the U.S.Cuba and the U.S. In response the U.S. forces Cuba to add the In response the U.S. forces Cuba to add the

Platt Amendment to their constitutionPlatt Amendment to their constitution Platt Amendment:Platt Amendment:

Cuba could not make treaties that limited their Cuba could not make treaties that limited their own independence or permitted a foreign power own independence or permitted a foreign power to control any aspect of its territoryto control any aspect of its territory

U.S. has right to interveneU.S. has right to intervene Cuba can not go into debtCuba can not go into debt U.S. could buy land for naval bases U.S. could buy land for naval bases

Becomes a Treaty between them and Becomes a Treaty between them and makes Cuba a U.S. makes Cuba a U.S. protectorateprotectorate

Filipino Rebellion Filipino Rebellion

Filipinos were outraged by the Treaty Filipinos were outraged by the Treaty of Parisof Paris

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo leads a rebellion leads a rebellion early in 1899, b/c they feel that they early in 1899, b/c they feel that they were promised their independence.were promised their independence.

U.S. has to send troops to suppress U.S. has to send troops to suppress the rebellion, and use tactics similar to the rebellion, and use tactics similar to what Spain used in Cuba.what Spain used in Cuba.

Philippine-American WarPhilippine-American War The U.S. sends 70,000 troops to the The U.S. sends 70,000 troops to the

PhilippinesPhilippines Takes nearly 3 years to suppress the Takes nearly 3 years to suppress the

rebellionrebellion Costs $400,000,000 and claims the lives Costs $400,000,000 and claims the lives

24,000; 4,000 U.S., 20,000 Filipinos24,000; 4,000 U.S., 20,000 Filipinos After the war U.S. sets up gov’t similar to After the war U.S. sets up gov’t similar to

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico U.S. grants their independence July 4, 1946 U.S. grants their independence July 4, 1946

Foreign Influence in Foreign Influence in ChinaChina

The U.S. uses the Philippines as a The U.S. uses the Philippines as a gateway to Asiagateway to Asia

At this time China was weakened by war At this time China was weakened by war and most of its coast was becoming and most of its coast was becoming occupied by Imperialistic Powers.occupied by Imperialistic Powers.

U.S. Secretary of State U.S. Secretary of State John HayJohn Hay not not wanting the U.S. to get shut out of China wanting the U.S. to get shut out of China issues the issues the Open Door notes Open Door notes (1899)(1899)

Foreign Influence in Foreign Influence in ChinaChina

Open Door notes Open Door notes policy statements policy statements addressed to addressed to imperialistic nations imperialistic nations to propose the to propose the sharing of trading sharing of trading rights in Chinarights in China

Other nations Other nations reluctantly agree reluctantly agree

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion Imperialistic Nations who control most large Imperialistic Nations who control most large

cities in China anger many Chinese cities in China anger many Chinese Some formed secret groups who plotted to Some formed secret groups who plotted to

remove the imperialistic nations from Chinaremove the imperialistic nations from China Most famous called the Boxers b/c they Most famous called the Boxers b/c they

practiced martial artspracticed martial arts The Boxers began to rebel killing anybody The Boxers began to rebel killing anybody

somewhat western: missionaries, foreigners, somewhat western: missionaries, foreigners, and Christian convertsand Christian converts

Aug. 1900 U.S. and other imperialistic nations Aug. 1900 U.S. and other imperialistic nations suppress Boxer Rebellion by November suppress Boxer Rebellion by November

Roosevelt the Roosevelt the Peacemaker Peacemaker

1904 Russian and Japan go to war over 1904 Russian and Japan go to war over KoreaKorea

In 1905, Japanese were beginning to run In 1905, Japanese were beginning to run out of resources (unknown to Russia as out of resources (unknown to Russia as Japan was winning the War) so they ask Japan was winning the War) so they ask Teddy to mediate an end to the warTeddy to mediate an end to the war

Japanese get Korea and Manchuria and Japanese get Korea and Manchuria and Teddy wins 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for his Teddy wins 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for his mediation mediation

Panama CanalPanama Canal

Canal across Central America had been Canal across Central America had been discussed by G.B. and U.S. since 1850’sdiscussed by G.B. and U.S. since 1850’s

In 1900, G.B signs treaty giving the U.S. In 1900, G.B signs treaty giving the U.S. exclusive rights to build and control a exclusive rights to build and control a canal across Central Americacanal across Central America

A canal was begun by a French company A canal was begun by a French company but after 10 years of trying they sold the but after 10 years of trying they sold the rights to the U.S. for $40 millionrights to the U.S. for $40 million

Panama CanalPanama Canal Before 1903, Panama location was Before 1903, Panama location was

owned by Columbia, U.S. had to ask their owned by Columbia, U.S. had to ask their permission before they could begin.permission before they could begin.

When talks between U.S. and Columbia When talks between U.S. and Columbia break down the U.S. supports a break down the U.S. supports a Panamanian RebellionPanamanian Rebellion

Panama gains their independence in Panama gains their independence in November 1903. 15 days later they sign a November 1903. 15 days later they sign a treaty allowing the U.S. to build and treaty allowing the U.S. to build and oversee the canal oversee the canal

Panama CanalPanama Canal

Construction took 10 years and is Construction took 10 years and is considered one of the greatest considered one of the greatest engineering feats everengineering feats ever

Construction was very difficult b/c of Construction was very difficult b/c of disease and soft soildisease and soft soil

More than 5,600 workers died while More than 5,600 workers died while working on the canalworking on the canal

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

In the late 19In the late 19thth century many Latin American century many Latin American countries had borrowed money from European countries had borrowed money from European banks.banks.

Teddy worried that they might default on their Teddy worried that they might default on their loans and that might draw Europe Latin loans and that might draw Europe Latin AmericaAmerica

Roosevelt reminds Europe of the Monroe Roosevelt reminds Europe of the Monroe Doctrine and adds Doctrine and adds Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary which which stated that the U.S. would use force to protect stated that the U.S. would use force to protect its interest in Latin Americaits interest in Latin America

Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy

Under Taft the United States continued to Under Taft the United States continued to follow the Roosevelt Corollary follow the Roosevelt Corollary

Taft uses the U.S. government to guarantee Taft uses the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by loans made to foreign countries by American peopleAmerican people

This was called This was called Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy

Wilson’s DiplomacyWilson’s Diplomacy

Wilson continues to add to the Monroe Wilson continues to add to the Monroe Doctrine by stating that the United States Doctrine by stating that the United States had a moral responsibility to make sure had a moral responsibility to make sure that Latin American countries were that Latin American countries were Democratic, non-oppressive, and Democratic, non-oppressive, and responsive to the U.S.responsive to the U.S.

No longer would the U.S. recognize all No longer would the U.S. recognize all governments ruling over lands governments ruling over lands

Mexican TroubleMexican Trouble

Early 1900’s Mexico was ruled by a Early 1900’s Mexico was ruled by a military dictator Porfirio Diaz. military dictator Porfirio Diaz.

Peasant revolt places Francisco Modero Peasant revolt places Francisco Modero in powerin power

Modero was not very successful and is Modero was not very successful and is overthrown by General Victeriano Huertaoverthrown by General Victeriano Huerta

Wilson refuses to recognize his regimeWilson refuses to recognize his regime

Mexican TroubleMexican Trouble

The U.S. waited for an opportunity to The U.S. waited for an opportunity to step into Mexicostep into Mexico

The U.S. gets their chance and it nearly The U.S. gets their chance and it nearly leads to war.leads to war.

Huerta Regime falls apart and leads Huerta Regime falls apart and leads Venustiano Carranza to power. Venustiano Carranza to power.

Rebellion in MexicoRebellion in Mexico

Francisco “Pancho” VillaFrancisco “Pancho” Villa and and Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata oppose Carranza’s gov’t and begin to lead a oppose Carranza’s gov’t and begin to lead a rebellionrebellion

Zapata was dedicated to land reformZapata was dedicated to land reform Pancho was a fierce nationalistPancho was a fierce nationalist The U.S. sent engineers to Mexico to operate The U.S. sent engineers to Mexico to operate

Mexican mines, Pancho took them off the train Mexican mines, Pancho took them off the train and killed two of themand killed two of them

Pancho supporters also kill 17 Americans in a Pancho supporters also kill 17 Americans in a raid of Columbus, New Mexico raid of Columbus, New Mexico

U.S. sends U.S. sends John J. PershingJohn J. Pershing and his and his expeditionary force to find and kill expeditionary force to find and kill Pancho VillaPancho Villa

Panama CanalPanama Canal

Panama Canal