unit 7 the cold war 1940’s cold war 1. yalta conference february 1945 the u.s. britain and ussr...
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Unit 7 The Cold War
1940’s Cold War
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Yalta Conference• February 1945• The U.S. Britain and
USSR met to set their post war goals.
• 1. Divide Germany into occupation zones
• 2. Free elections in Eastern Europe nations.
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Superpowers• In the Post WWII world
two nations were the new superpowers!
• The United States and the Soviet Union (USSR).
• Capitalism vs Communism
• Democracy vs Totalitarianism
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The United Nations• Created in 1945 with the
goal of being a more effective international peacekeeping organization than the League of Nations.
• 193 member nations in the General Assembly.
• Home to the International Court of Justice to settle disputes.
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UN Security Council • Five permanent
members with veto power (U.S. Britain, France, Russia, China) and ten nonpermanent.
• The UN Security Council can order military action to maintain international peace. (Korean War & 1st Gulf War)
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The Iron Curtain
• Churchill’s phrase “Iron Curtain” came to represent the division between a democratic and free Western Europe and a Communist and totalitarian Eastern Europe.
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Containment• President Truman
adopted a foreign policy of “containment”. A policy of preventing the expansion of communism.
• This would be accomplished by creating a system of alliances and helping weak countries resist Soviet advances.
Containment Video
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Truman Doctrine• Truman’s pledge of
foreign aid to any nation that was rejecting communism.
• Greece and Turkey were immediately given $400 million in aid. Both nations remained free and noncommunist.
Truman Doctrine Video
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Marshall Plan• Europe lay in ruins after
WWII. Record unemployment, destruction, snow, food shortages and economic & political turmoil.
• Congress created a $12.5 billion program to provide food and rebuild Western Europe. We wanted its economy to recover so people would have jobs and not turn to communism!
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Berlin • Germany had been
divided into two nations, East and West Germany.
• The capital city of Berlin was in East Germany. The western half of the city was controlled by the U.S. and Britain. A small spot of freedom behind the Iron Curtain……..
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Berlin Blockade• The first showdown of
the Cold War between the superpowers would be over Berlin Germany.
• Berlin was located in German controlled East Germany. Stalin didn’t want the freedom and prosperity of West Berlin in communist East Germany.
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Berlin Airlift • In 1948 Stalin ordered all
transportation to West Berlin blocked. West Berlin faced starvation if they didn’t surrender and join East Germany.
• American and British planes flew food and fuel into the city for 11 months.
• No Appeasement! Only Containment!
Berlin Video
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Berlin Wall• Later in 1961 the Berlin
Wall was built. It became the symbol of communist oppression during the Cold War.
Berlin Wall Video
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The Cold War• The Cold War was from
1949 to 1989. Superpowers would use spying, propaganda, alliances, diplomacy and proxy wars in developing countries.
• Who will win…Capitalism or Communism?
• Democracy or Totalitarianism?
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NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization! A defensive alliance of 10 European nations, Canada and the U.S.
• An attack on one is an attack on all!
• NATO / ISAF is in Afghanistan
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Warsaw Pact• Warsaw Pack, the
opposite of NATO was organized by the USSR.
• The world seemed to be divided into rival factions along Cold War lines with the threat of nuclear war looming….
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Hydrogen Bomb• 1945 the U.S. dropped
the atomic bomb• 1949 the USSR built the
A-bomb• 1952 the U.S. built the
hydrogen bomb a thousand times more powerful than the A-bomb.
• 1953 the USSR built a H-bomb….The arms race had begun. Duck & Cover Video
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Chinese Civil War• After WWII China resumed
its civil war between the Nationalists and the Communists.
• The U.S. backed Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists with $2 billion in aid.
• The Communists under Mao Zedong promised land for the peasants and forced the Nationalists to retreat to the island of Taiwan.
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Mao Zedong• When Mao Zedong won the
civil war the most populated country in the world was “lost to the communists”. To many people it was a defeat of Truman’s containment policy.
• Mao ordered all land to be seized by the government and peasants were forced to work on the new collective farms.
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The Great Leap Forward
• In 1958 China Mao ordered “The Great Leap Forward”. People were forced to work, eat, and live in communal dormitories and farms with no private property.
• With no incentive to work famine killed about 20 million people.
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Chinese Cultural Revolution
• In 1966 Mao urged China’s young people to “learn revolution by making revolution”. Millions of students responded by joining Red Guard units.
• These units targeted anyone they felt betrayed the ideals of the revolution.
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Korea • At the end of WWII
Korea was a divided nation. North of the 38th parallel was controlled by the USSR, the south was protected by American troops.
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Korean War• In June of 1950 North Korea
invaded South Korea. To most of the world this invasion looked like a repeat of Nazi / Japanese aggression from the 1930’s.
• The UN authorized the use of force to defend South Korea and the15 nation force was placed under the command of Douglas MacArthur.
Korean War Video
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Inchon • When American forces made a surprise landing at
Inchon the route of North Korea’s army was on!
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Chinese Intervention
• Unfortunately China felt threatened and invaded to defend North Korea. Hundreds of thousands of Chinese soldiers attacked.
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General MacArthur
• General MacArthur publicly argued with President Truman about his desire to drop atomic bombs on China.
• Truman fired the popular General for insubordination.
MacArthur Video
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The 38th Parallel• After two years of brutal
fighting and cold winters a cease-fire agreement was signed in 1953.
• The DMZ border between the two Koreas at the 38th parallel became one of the most heavily defended places on earth.
• Four million soldiers and civilians were killed including over 40,000 Americans.
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The Cold War: an ideologically-driven political and economic competition from 1947-1991 between two military and economic superpowers - the democratic capitalist United States and its allies and communist Soviet Union and China and their allies
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Sources
• World History -McDougal Littell 2003• Let’s Review: Global History and Geography 5th Edition