UNIT 7: SOLID PART OF THE EARTH

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

By geosphere we understand the solid sphere of our planet. It is made up of different materials. The most important ones are minerals and rocks.

WHICH SUBSTANCE ARETHE TABLES OF THE KITCHEN

MADE OF?

FROM A QUARRY WE EXTRACT ROCKS SUCH ASGRANITE AND MARBLE.

FROM MINES WE EXTRACT MINERALS SUCH AS PIRITE

VIDEO UN DIA SIN MINERALESMinerals

El proceso de formación de minerales o cristalización es muy lento.

MINERALS IMAGES

QUARTZ IS THE MOSTABUNDANT MINERALIN THE CRUST

MINERALS IMAGES

A LOT OF VARIETIES OF QUARTZ ARE USED AS JEWELLERY.

MINERALS IMAGES

MINERALS IMAGES

A LOT OF VARIETIES OF QUARTZ HAVE BEEN USED SINCE ANCIENT TIMES.

MINERALS PROPERTIES

To classify minerals we have to look at their properties:

• COLOUR

• BRIGHTNESS

• HARDNESS

• TRANSPARENCY

• EXFOLIATION

• MAGNETISM

• LINE COLOR

PROPIEDADES DE MINERALES

IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS

Utilidad de minerales

EL LAPISLÁZULI SE USA EN JOYERÍA Y PARA HACER PINTURAS AZULES. DE LA GOETHITA SE EXTRAE HIERRO. CON LA CALCITA SE FABRICA CAL.

VIDEO MINERALES EDUTECA

UTILIDAD DE LOS MINERALES

Calcopirita, mena de cobre

(Cu)

WHAT DO WE USE MINERALS FOR?

Minerals are used to build houses.

qBricks are made from clay, cement and plasterboard are also made of minerals.

qCan you think of any other building materials made from minerals?

- Bricks and tiles, cement, plasterboard, plumbing and wiring, windows, finishing touches (house numbers).

WHAT DO WE USE MINERALS FOR?

Minerals are used in the kitchen ...

qCan you think of any other minerals hiding in your kitchen?

- Cutlery, crockery, drinking glasses, pots and pans, cans and tins, cleaning products.

WHAT DO WE USE MINERALS FOR?

Minerals are used in agriculture

Phosphate rock, potash and lime are used in agricultural fertilisers and other mineral products are used to improve soil. The water you drink uses minerals to make it clean.

Minerals are used in food

Salt is added to food during preparation, and other mineral products may also be included. Calcium carbonate, for example, is used in bread, cakes, soups and cereal, and some food additives are manufactured using natural minerals.

ROCKS

Rocks are aggregates of several minerals which have beenformed in a natural process.

ROCKS

Rocks are solid and hard. They are made up of minerals. There are three main kinds of rocks:

Metamorphic: They are rocks that change their form due to heat and pressure. Slate and marble are examples of metamorphic rocks.

Sedimentary: They come from sediments due to erosion. Shale , clay and limestone are examples of sedimentary rocks.

Igneous or magmatic: igneous is a Greek word. It means fire. They come from lava and magma. Basalt and graphite are examples of magmatic rocks.

TYPES OF ROCKS

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• Forman parte de la superficie terrestre.

• Están sometidas a la acción erosiva de los agentes geológicos, como el viento, la lluvia, el mar, los ríos, etc.

• Los fragmentos que son erosionados son transportados por el agua y el viento y se depositan en las zonas más bajas de la superficie continental y oceánica (cuencas sedimentarias).

• Los sedimentos junto con el agua del suelo se van uniendo y consolidando, hasta convertirse en rocas sedimentarias.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

¿Todas las rocas sedimentarias son iguales?

No, depende de cómo se hayan acumulado los materiales.

CONGLOMERADO

CALIZACON FÓSILES

EJEMPLOS ROCAS SEDIMENTARIAS

YESOARENISCA

CARBÓN

PETRÓLEO

UTILIDAD ROCAS SEDIMENTARIAS

Conglomerados: Hacer hormigón.

Areniscas: arenas para hacer vidrio, hormigón, en monumentos.

Arcillas: cerámica, ladrillos. Es blanda pero al secarse en duro e impermeable.

Yeso: escayola en decoración.

Calizas: fabricar cemento, cal para blanquear casas.

Carbón y petróleo: combustibles para obtener energía, plásticos, gasolinas.

ROCAS MAGMÁTICAS

Cuando el magma se enfría, se solidifica formando las rocas magmáticas o ígneas.

En el interior de la Tierra la temperatura es tan elevada que las rocas, fundidas y mezcladas con agua y gases, forman una sustancia caliente y espesa: MAGMA

Rocas plutónicas

Rocas volcánicas

Si el magma se enfría en el interior de la Tierra. Granito

Si magma sale al exterior en forma de lava y se enfría rápidamente en la superficie de los continentes o en el fondo de los mares. Basalto

EJEMPLOS ROCAS MAGMÁTICAS

BASALTOGRANITO

ALGUNAS ROCAS VOLCÁNICAS SON MUY POROSAS

UTILIDAD ROCAS MAGMÁTICAS

El granito se usa en decoración, encimeras de cocina.

El basalto para adoquines de calles.

VIDEO CICLO ROCAS

EXTRACCIÓN DE MINERALES Y ROCAS

En minas a cielo abierto se explotan minerales. Ejemplo: Río Tinto en Huelva.

En minas subterráneas también se explotan minerales y rocas como el carbón. Se excavan galerías en la corteza terrestre.

EXTRACCIÓN DE MINERALES Y ROCAS

En canteras y graveras a cielo abierto se extraen rocas mediante voladuras.

En sondeos se extrae por ejemplo el petróleo. Hay en tierra firme o en alta mar.

ROCKS IN ANDALUCIA

Andalusia has a great variety of rocks. The basin of Guadalquivir divides our region in two different areas:

-Sierra Morena and Sierra of Aracena. They are in the north of Andalusia. They contain the oldest rocks in Andalusia. We can find siliceous rocks of magmatic origin like granites, metamorphic rocks like slate and sedimentary rocks like sandstone.

-Cordilleras Béticas. There are different mountains in the south of our Community. Mountains of Baza and Sierra Nevada have got metamorphic rocks of siliceous and calcareous composition. Mountains of Mágina, Cazorla and Segura have got sedimentary rocks of calcareous composition.

We can find siliceous rocks in the Cabo de Gata (It is a volcanic area). Campo de Gibraltar has got sedimentary rocks.

ROCKS IN ANDALUCIA

TORCAL DE ANTEQUERA

CUEVA DE NERJA

ACTIVITIESActivity 2. Fill in the gaps with the correct word. Be careful, there are some extra words.

1.- The most important part materials of the geosphere are ………..………and………………..

2.- Gold, silver and diamond are minerals. We can express them with a …………………… formula.

3.- Some minerals can vary in their colour. Malachite is green, sulphur is yellow and fluorite is …………….. .

4.- Hardness means that some minerals are hard but others are ……………………….. .

5.- A pencil is a school object. My teachers say that it contains …………………………. .

6.- Mountains of Mágina and Cazorla have got …………………………….. rocks of ………………… composition.

sedimentary blue rocks mepamorphic minerals soft chemical calcareous siliceous orange marble graphite

ACTIVITIES

Activity 5. Fill in the diagram about the geosphere.