unit 8: banking supervision financial english unit 8: revision of unit 7revision of unit 7revision...

Unit 8:Unit 8:

Banking SupervisionBanking Supervision

Financial EnglishFinancial English

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Unit 8:Unit 8:

• Revision of Unit 7Revision of Unit 7

• Background information of Unit 8 Background information of Unit 8

• TextText

• ExercisesExercises

• AssignmentAssignment

Review of Unit 7Review of Unit 7

• Dictation

• Exercises Check-upExercises Check-up

Blanks filling

Revision of Text ARevision of Text A

Spot DictationSpot Dictation

Dictation!Dictation!

You are going to hear 5 sentences. Each You are going to hear 5 sentences. Each

willwill

be read three times. Write down the sentences be read three times. Write down the sentences

according to what you hear.according to what you hear.

1.1. 2.2. 3.3. 4.4. 5.5.

Check-upCheck-up

Key to Dictation:Key to Dictation:

1.1. Every penny must be accounted for..Every penny must be accounted for..

2.2. In accordance with this fundamental theory the books must always In accordance with this fundamental theory the books must always

be in balance.be in balance.

3.3. As we have seen with respect to the statement, every dollar of liabiliAs we have seen with respect to the statement, every dollar of liabili

ties is accounted for by another dollar of resources.ties is accounted for by another dollar of resources.

4.4. A ledger is a book used to keep a record of balancesA ledger is a book used to keep a record of balances. .

5.5. A journal is a book in which daily transactions are listed in regular A journal is a book in which daily transactions are listed in regular

order as to accounts, and the total debit or credit is then posted on torder as to accounts, and the total debit or credit is then posted on t

he ledgers.he ledgers.

DictationDictation

II. Fill in the blanks with proper words or phrases given below

Check-upCheck-up

these,these, recordrecord, , signsign, , fullfull, , creditcredit,,

subdivision, appearance, permanent, descriptionsubdivision, appearance, permanent, description

these,these, recordrecord, , signsign, , fullfull, , creditcredit,,

subdivision, appearance, permanent, descriptionsubdivision, appearance, permanent, description

Bookkeepers enter debit andBookkeepers enter debit and 1 1 records upon their journals records upon their journals

directly from directly from 2 2 items. Money, however, may change items. Money, however, may change

hands or from one account to another, in other ways; by hands or from one account to another, in other ways; by

letter, telegram or other debit and credit advice. In such letter, telegram or other debit and credit advice. In such

cases a "charge ticket" or "credit slip," as the case may be, is cases a "charge ticket" or "credit slip," as the case may be, is

3 3 or initialed by an officer of the bank, and entry with or initialed by an officer of the bank, and entry with 4 4

explanation is made upon a book from which explanation is made upon a book from which 5 5 the the

bookkeeper makes his entries. bookkeeper makes his entries.

Text :Text :

Bookkeepers enter debit and Bookkeepers enter debit and creditcredit records upon their journals records upon their journals

directly from directly from thesethese items. Money, however, may change hands items. Money, however, may change hands

or from one account to another, in other ways; by letter, or from one account to another, in other ways; by letter,

telegram or other debit and credit advice. In such cases a telegram or other debit and credit advice. In such cases a

"charge ticket" or "credit slip," as the case may be, is "charge ticket" or "credit slip," as the case may be, is signedsigned or or

initialed by an officer of the bank, and entry with initialed by an officer of the bank, and entry with fullfull

explanation is made upon a book from which explanation is made upon a book from which recordrecord the the

bookkeeper makes his entries. bookkeeper makes his entries.

Text :Text :

This book is known as a "scratcher," or a "tickler". The terThis book is known as a "scratcher," or a "tickler". The ter

ms mean practically the same thing. A book upon which a coms mean practically the same thing. A book upon which a co

mplete mplete 6 6 of a negotiable instrument or transaction is made of a negotiable instrument or transaction is made

for a for a 7 7 record or for reference, is called a register. For exa record or for reference, is called a register. For exa

mple, bond register, collection register, etc. All other books, mple, bond register, collection register, etc. All other books,

cards, sheets of whatever nature are a part or cards, sheets of whatever nature are a part or 8 8 of these boo of these boo

ks. Often they become known among the clerks by some otheks. Often they become known among the clerks by some othe

r name descriptive of their general r name descriptive of their general 9 9 ..

Text :Text :

This book is known as a "scratcher," or a "tickler". The terms This book is known as a "scratcher," or a "tickler". The terms mean practically the same thing. A book upon which a complemean practically the same thing. A book upon which a complete te descriptiondescription of a negotiable instrument or transaction is mad of a negotiable instrument or transaction is made for a e for a permanentpermanent record or for reference, is called a register. record or for reference, is called a register. For example, bond register, collection register, etc. All other bFor example, bond register, collection register, etc. All other books, cards, sheets of whatever nature are a part or ooks, cards, sheets of whatever nature are a part or subdivisiosubdivisionsns of these books. Often they become known among the clerks of these books. Often they become known among the clerks by some other name descriptive of their general by some other name descriptive of their general appearanceappearance..

Text :Text :

Unit 8:Unit 8:

• Revision of Unit 7

• Background information of Unit 8

• Text

• ExercisesExercises

• AssignmentAssignment

Unit 8:Unit 8:

• Part I: • 8.1 What is Banking Supervision?8.1 What is Banking Supervision?

• Part II: : • 8.2 The Importance of Banking Supervision8.2 The Importance of Banking Supervision

• Part III::• 8.3 Methods of Ongoing Banking Supervision8.3 Methods of Ongoing Banking Supervision

• Part IV::• 8.4 How to Improve and Enhance Banking Supervision8.4 How to Improve and Enhance Banking Supervision

Text : Background InformationText : Background Information

本文旨在介绍银行监管的重要性、常见监管形式等。银行常常被成为经济发展的引擎，它不仅对经济发展起到特殊的作用，而且也是国家货币政策的反应工具。银行如果出了问题，势必会对整个金融市场带来巨大的负面影响，甚至会对国家经济带来巨大的冲击。因此，银行监管就显得尤为重要。现行银行监管方式主要有现场检查、非现场检查、综合并表监管或请外部审计机构等方式进行。此外，本文还主要探讨了如何加强及完善银行监管，促进银行业协调健康发展的问题。

本文旨在介绍银行监管的重要性、常见监管形式等。银行常常被成为经济发展的引擎，它不仅对经济发展起到特殊的作用，而且也是国家货币政策的反应工具。银行如果出了问题，势必会对整个金融市场带来巨大的负面影响，甚至会对国家经济带来巨大的冲击。因此，银行监管就显得尤为重要。现行银行监管方式主要有现场检查、非现场检查、综合并表监管或请外部审计机构等方式进行。此外，本文还主要探讨了如何加强及完善银行监管，促进银行业协调健康发展的问题。


本章重点难点通过本章学习，学生应该掌握

1. 什么是银行监管

2. 银行监管的重要性

3. 现行常用的银行监管形式

4. 如何改善和提高银行监管

本章重点难点通过本章学习，学生应该掌握

1. 什么是银行监管

2. 银行监管的重要性

3. 现行常用的银行监管形式

4. 如何改善和提高银行监管


巴塞尔委员会是 1974 年由十国集团中央银行行长倡议建立的，其成员包括十国集团中央银行和银行监管部门的代表。自成立以来，巴塞尔委员会制定了一系列重要的银行监管规定。这些规定不具法律约束力，但十国集团监管部门一致同意在规定时间内在十国集团实施。 1997 年，有效银行监管的核心原则的问世是巴塞尔委员会历史上又一项重大事件。核心原则是由巴塞尔委员会与一些非十国集团国家联合起草，得到世界各国监管机构的普遍赞同，并已构成国际社会普遍认可的银行监管国际标准。至此，虽然巴塞尔委员会不是严格意义上的银行监管国际组织，但事实上已成为银行监管国际标准的制定者。

巴塞尔委员会是 1974 年由十国集团中央银行行长倡议建立的，其成员包括十国集团中央银行和银行监管部门的代表。自成立以来，巴塞尔委员会制定了一系列重要的银行监管规定。这些规定不具法律约束力，但十国集团监管部门一致同意在规定时间内在十国集团实施。 1997 年，有效银行监管的核心原则的问世是巴塞尔委员会历史上又一项重大事件。核心原则是由巴塞尔委员会与一些非十国集团国家联合起草，得到世界各国监管机构的普遍赞同，并已构成国际社会普遍认可的银行监管国际标准。至此，虽然巴塞尔委员会不是严格意义上的银行监管国际组织，但事实上已成为银行监管国际标准的制定者。


商业票据是指由金融公司或某些信用较高的企业开出的无担保短期票据 .商业票据的可靠程度依赖于发行企业的信用程度，可以背书转让，但一般不能向银行贴现。

商业票据是指由金融公司或某些信用较高的企业开出的无担保短期票据 .商业票据的可靠程度依赖于发行企业的信用程度，可以背书转让，但一般不能向银行贴现。

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国库券是国家财政当局为弥补国库收支不平衡而发行的一种政府债券。

国库券是国家财政当局为弥补国库收支不平衡而发行的一种政府债券。




表外业务是指商业银行所从事的、按照现行的会计准则不记入资产负债表内、不形成现实资产负债但能增加银行收益的业务。

表外业务是指商业银行所从事的、按照现行的会计准则不记入资产负债表内、不形成现实资产负债但能增加银行收益的业务。


财务状况表又称资产负债表 . 资产负债表表示企业在一定日期（通常为各会计期末）的财务状况（即资产、负债和业主权益的状况）的主要会计报表。

财务状况表又称资产负债表 . 资产负债表表示企业在一定日期（通常为各会计期末）的财务状况（即资产、负债和业主权益的状况）的主要会计报表。


坏账是指企业无法收回或收回的可能性极小的应收款项。

坏账是指企业无法收回或收回的可能性极小的应收款项。


商业票据商业票据是指由金融公司或某些信用较高的企是指由金融公司或某些信用较高的企业开出的无担保短期票据业开出的无担保短期票据 .. 商业票据的可靠程度商业票据的可靠程度依赖于发行企业的信用程度，可以背书转让，但依赖于发行企业的信用程度，可以背书转让，但一般不能向银行贴现一般不能向银行贴现。。

商业票据商业票据是指由金融公司或某些信用较高的企是指由金融公司或某些信用较高的企业开出的无担保短期票据业开出的无担保短期票据 .. 商业票据的可靠程度商业票据的可靠程度依赖于发行企业的信用程度，可以背书转让，但依赖于发行企业的信用程度，可以背书转让，但一般不能向银行贴现一般不能向银行贴现。。

• ListeningListening

• Language PointsLanguage Points

TextText

ListeningListening

TextText

Banking SupervisionBanking Supervision Banking SupervisionBanking Supervision

Listen carefully to the first part of the text and then Listen carefully to the first part of the text and then try to translate it. try to translate it.

Banking SupervisionBanking Supervision

8.1 What is Banking Supervision?8.1 What is Banking Supervision?

Banking Banking supervision refers to the act of monitoring the finan refers to the act of monitoring the finan

cial performance and operations of banks in order to ensure thacial performance and operations of banks in order to ensure tha

t they are operating safely and soundly and following rules and t they are operating safely and soundly and following rules and

regulations. It is conducted by governmental regulators and occu. It is conducted by governmental regulators and occu

rs in order to prevent bank failures.rs in order to prevent bank failures.

The task of supervision is to ensure that banks operate in a sThe task of supervision is to ensure that banks operate in a s

afe and sound manner and that they hold capital and reserves safe and sound manner and that they hold capital and reserves s

ufficient to support the risks that arise in their business. ufficient to support the risks that arise in their business.

Text :Text :

Effective supervision of banks is an essential Effective supervision of banks is an essential component of a of a

strong economic environment in that the banking system plays strong economic environment in that the banking system plays

a central role in making payments and distributing savings. It a central role in making payments and distributing savings. It

provides a public good that may not be fully provided in the maprovides a public good that may not be fully provided in the ma

rketplace and, along with effective macroeconomic policy, and irketplace and, along with effective macroeconomic policy, and i

s s critical to financial stability in any country. While the cost of b to financial stability in any country. While the cost of b

anking supervision is indeed high, the cost of poor supervision anking supervision is indeed high, the cost of poor supervision

has proved to be even higher.has proved to be even higher.

Text :Text :

Text : Language PointsText : Language Points

supervisionsupervision n. n. 监督监督 , , 管理管理

1. personnel supervision of school 1. personnel supervision of school

学校人事管理学校人事管理

2. The house was built under the careful supervision of 2. The house was built under the careful supervision of

an architect. an architect.

这房子是在一位建筑师的细心监督下建造的。这房子是在一位建筑师的细心监督下建造的。

supervisionsupervision n. n. 监督监督 , , 管理管理

1. personnel supervision of school 1. personnel supervision of school

学校人事管理学校人事管理

2. The house was built under the careful supervision of 2. The house was built under the careful supervision of

an architect. an architect.

这房子是在一位建筑师的细心监督下建造的。这房子是在一位建筑师的细心监督下建造的。

regulationregulation n.n. 管理管理 ; ; 控制控制 ;; 规则规则 , , 规定规定 , , 条例条例 ;; 调整调整 ,,

调节调节1.1. the regulation of affairs the regulation of affairs

事务管理事务管理

2. 2. the school regulations the school regulations

校规校规

3. 3. individual income regulation tax individual income regulation tax

个人收入调节税个人收入调节税


component adj. component adj. 组成的，合成的，成分的，组成的，合成的，成分的，

Blade and handle are the component parts of a knife.Blade and handle are the component parts of a knife.

刀身和刀柄是一把刀的组成部分。刀身和刀柄是一把刀的组成部分。



criticalcritical adj. adj. 批判的批判的 ;; 挑剔的挑剔的 , , 对对 ...... 表示不满意表示不满意的的 ;;

1. 1. critical writings on art critical writings on art

关于艺术的评论性文章关于艺术的评论性文章

2. 2. a critical eye a critical eye

挑剔的目光挑剔的目光

3. 3. The moment was critical. The moment was critical.

情况十分危急。情况十分危急。

criticalcritical adj. adj. 批判的批判的 ;; 挑剔的挑剔的 , , 对对 ...... 表示不满意表示不满意的的 ;;

1. 1. critical writings on art critical writings on art

关于艺术的评论性文章关于艺术的评论性文章

2. 2. a critical eye a critical eye

挑剔的目光挑剔的目光

3. 3. The moment was critical. The moment was critical.

情况十分危急。情况十分危急。

ListeningListening

TextText

8.2 The Importance of Banking Supervision8.2 The Importance of Banking Supervision 8.2 The Importance of Banking Supervision8.2 The Importance of Banking Supervision

Listen carefully to the second part of the text and Listen carefully to the second part of the text and then try to translate it. then try to translate it.

8.2 The Importance of Banking Supervision8.2 The Importance of Banking Supervision

Banks are often Banks are often described as our economy's engine, in part as our economy's engine, in part

because of their functions in the economic development, but alsbecause of their functions in the economic development, but als

o because of the major role banks play as instruments of the goo because of the major role banks play as instruments of the go

vernment's monetary policy. Although banks share many comvernment's monetary policy. Although banks share many com

mon features with other profit-seeking businesses, they play a mon features with other profit-seeking businesses, they play a

unique role in the economy through mobilizing savings, allocati role in the economy through mobilizing savings, allocati

ng capital funds to finance productive investment, ng capital funds to finance productive investment, transmitting

monetary policy, providing a payment system and transforminmonetary policy, providing a payment system and transformin

g risks.g risks.

Text :Text :

In addition, banks provide the In addition, banks provide the indispensable national payment national payment

s mechanism for the development of modern financial and busines mechanism for the development of modern financial and busine

ss systems, and serve to transmit the impulses of monetary policy ss systems, and serve to transmit the impulses of monetary policy

to the whole financial system and ultimately to the real economy.to the whole financial system and ultimately to the real economy.

However, as their all benefits, banks can also make negative iHowever, as their all benefits, banks can also make negative i

nfluence on the whole financial market and may bring a serious bnfluence on the whole financial market and may bring a serious b

low to a country’s economy if banking difficulties occur. Banking low to a country’s economy if banking difficulties occur. Banking

is an industry that is subject both to market competition and is an industry that is subject both to market competition and

considerable regulation. regulation.

Text:Text:

Therefore, banks must not only evaluate potential changes in Therefore, banks must not only evaluate potential changes in

the the competitive financial landscape financial landscape ，， but must also pay attention but must also pay attention

to potential changes on the regulatory side. In many cases, bankito potential changes on the regulatory side. In many cases, banki

ng difficulties spread and became more costly because supervisorng difficulties spread and became more costly because supervisor

s either lacked sufficient s either lacked sufficient authority to insist on early corrective acti to insist on early corrective acti

on when banks fell out of compliance with prudential norms or hon when banks fell out of compliance with prudential norms or h

ad limited tools for handling problem banks. As a result, sound aad limited tools for handling problem banks. As a result, sound a

nd effective banking supervision becomes significantly important.nd effective banking supervision becomes significantly important.

Text:Text:

On the other hand, banks may remember that they are dealinOn the other hand, banks may remember that they are dealin

g with other people's money and that they are responsible for its g with other people's money and that they are responsible for its

safety. But they cannot keep their deposits lying idle in the safes. safety. But they cannot keep their deposits lying idle in the safes.

They must use them--and they are expected to use them to produThey must use them--and they are expected to use them to produ

ce an income. Banks also earn money from the charges which thece an income. Banks also earn money from the charges which the

y make for some of their services, but much the greater part of thy make for some of their services, but much the greater part of th

eir income comes from investing and lending their deposits. To eir income comes from investing and lending their deposits. To

reinforce their cash reserves, banks keep another sizeable chunk o their cash reserves, banks keep another sizeable chunk o

f their money in assets which can be quickly turned back into mof their money in assets which can be quickly turned back into mo

ney. ney.

Text:Text:

These “liquid assets” include loans made for very short periods--These “liquid assets” include loans made for very short periods--

often overnight--to discount houses.often overnight--to discount houses. Other liquid assets are comOther liquid assets are com

mercial bills and treasury bills issued by the government. These mercial bills and treasury bills issued by the government. These

“bills” are traded in the money market and can always be sold qu“bills” are traded in the money market and can always be sold qu

ickly. During the process, the bank ickly. During the process, the bank accumulates assets with little r assets with little r

isk of loss, because it has transferred the risk to the buyers and disk of loss, because it has transferred the risk to the buyers and d

epositors. If there is no supervision, the bank may conduct more epositors. If there is no supervision, the bank may conduct more

business with high potential risk spurred by profits.business with high potential risk spurred by profits.

Text:Text:

Therefore, the depositors’ money may be jeopardized. In return, Therefore, the depositors’ money may be jeopardized. In return,

when the depositors when the depositors suffer from great loss, they may lose confidengreat loss, they may lose confiden

ce in the banks; even worse arouse chaos among financial market.ce in the banks; even worse arouse chaos among financial market.

So the supervisors should conduct prudent supervision, enhance So the supervisors should conduct prudent supervision, enhance

risk management, prevent risk management, prevent systematic risk in the financial system, risk in the financial system,

and disclose more information, thus enforce the public’s confidenand disclose more information, thus enforce the public’s confiden

ce in banking system, and ensure the sound operation of the finance in banking system, and ensure the sound operation of the finan

cial market.cial market.

Text:Text:

describedescribe vt. vt. 描述描述 , , 描绘描绘 , , 画画


1. Words cannot describe the beauty of the scene. 1. Words cannot describe the beauty of the scene.

语言难以描述出这景色的幽美。语言难以描述出这景色的幽美。

2. He described himself as a doctor. 2. He described himself as a doctor.

他自称是医生。他自称是医生。

1. Words cannot describe the beauty of the scene. 1. Words cannot describe the beauty of the scene.

语言难以描述出这景色的幽美。语言难以描述出这景色的幽美。

2. He described himself as a doctor. 2. He described himself as a doctor.

他自称是医生。他自称是医生。

uniqueunique adj. adj. 独一无二的独一无二的 , , 独特的独特的 , , 稀罕稀罕的的


1. unique opportunity 1. unique opportunity

极难得的机会极难得的机会

2. Every individual is unique. 2. Every individual is unique.

每一个人都有他的特色。每一个人都有他的特色。

1. unique opportunity 1. unique opportunity

极难得的机会极难得的机会

2. Every individual is unique. 2. Every individual is unique.

每一个人都有他的特色。每一个人都有他的特色。

transmittransmit vt. vt. 传输传输 , , 传染传染 , , 传达传达 , , 遗传遗传 , , 发射发射 , ,

传播传播


1. 1. Iron transmits heat. Iron transmits heat.

铁传热。铁传热。

2.2.Parents transmit some of their characteristics to their Parents transmit some of their characteristics to their

children. children.

父母把一些特有的素质遗传给儿女。父母把一些特有的素质遗传给儿女。

1. 1. Iron transmits heat. Iron transmits heat.

铁传热。铁传热。

2.2.Parents transmit some of their characteristics to their Parents transmit some of their characteristics to their

children. children.

父母把一些特有的素质遗传给儿女。父母把一些特有的素质遗传给儿女。

iindispensablendispensable n. n. 不可缺少之物不可缺少之物 adj. adj. 不可缺少不可缺少的的 ,,


1. an indispensable obligation 1. an indispensable obligation

不能避免的义务不能避免的义务

2. Water is indispensable to plants. 2. Water is indispensable to plants.

水是植物不可缺少的。水是植物不可缺少的。

1. an indispensable obligation 1. an indispensable obligation

不能避免的义务不能避免的义务

2. Water is indispensable to plants. 2. Water is indispensable to plants.

水是植物不可缺少的。水是植物不可缺少的。

considerable adj.considerable adj. 相当的相当的 , , 可观的可观的 , , 重要的重要的 ;;


1. The losses are considerable. 1. The losses are considerable.

损失可观。损失可观。

2. A writer of considerable influence. 2. A writer of considerable influence.

一名有很大影响的作家。一名有很大影响的作家。

1. The losses are considerable. 1. The losses are considerable.

损失可观。损失可观。

2. A writer of considerable influence. 2. A writer of considerable influence.

一名有很大影响的作家。一名有很大影响的作家。

competitive adj. competitive adj. 竞争的，竞赛的，与竞争的，竞赛的，与 ...... 不相上下不相上下的的


1. competitive examinations 1. competitive examinations

选拔考试选拔考试

2. Please offer your most competitive price. 2. Please offer your most competitive price.

请报你方最具有竞争性的价格。请报你方最具有竞争性的价格。

1. competitive examinations 1. competitive examinations

选拔考试选拔考试

2. Please offer your most competitive price. 2. Please offer your most competitive price.

请报你方最具有竞争性的价格。请报你方最具有竞争性的价格。

authorityauthority n. n. 权力权力 , , 当权者当权者 , , 当局当局 , , 权威权威 , ,

专家专家


1. 1. His opinion carries authority. His opinion carries authority.

他的意见具有权威性。他的意见具有权威性。

2. 2. A ruler exerts authority. A ruler exerts authority.

统治者运用权威。统治者运用权威。

3. authority to spend from debt receipts 3. authority to spend from debt receipts

动用借款的授权动用借款的授权

1. 1. His opinion carries authority. His opinion carries authority.

他的意见具有权威性。他的意见具有权威性。

2. 2. A ruler exerts authority. A ruler exerts authority.

统治者运用权威。统治者运用权威。

3. authority to spend from debt receipts 3. authority to spend from debt receipts

动用借款的授权动用借款的授权

reinforcereinforce vt. vt. 加强加强 , , 增援增援 , , 补充补充 vi. vi. 求援求援 , , 得到得到增援增援


1. reinforce a wall 1. reinforce a wall

给墙加固给墙加固

2. They had to reinforce the center. 2. They had to reinforce the center.

他们必须加强中央的权威。他们必须加强中央的权威。

1. reinforce a wall 1. reinforce a wall

给墙加固给墙加固

2. They had to reinforce the center. 2. They had to reinforce the center.

他们必须加强中央的权威。他们必须加强中央的权威。

accumulateaccumulate vt. vt. 积聚积聚 , , 堆积堆积 vi. vi. 积聚积聚 , , 堆积堆积


1. accumulated funds 1. accumulated funds

积累的资金积累的资金

2. By buying ten books every month, he soon accumulated 2. By buying ten books every month, he soon accumulated

a good library. a good library.

他每月买十本书他每月买十本书 , , 不久便集成一个丰富的藏书库。不久便集成一个丰富的藏书库。

1. accumulated funds 1. accumulated funds

积累的资金积累的资金

2. By buying ten books every month, he soon accumulated 2. By buying ten books every month, he soon accumulated

a good library. a good library.

他每月买十本书他每月买十本书 , , 不久便集成一个丰富的藏书库。不久便集成一个丰富的藏书库。

suffer fromsuffer from v. v. 忍受忍受 , , 遭受，患遭受，患 ...... 病病


1. 1. Perhaps you suffer from overwork. Perhaps you suffer from overwork.

或许或许你是工作过度了。你是工作过度了。

2. 2. I suffer from high blood pressure. I suffer from high blood pressure.

我患有高血压我患有高血压。。

1. 1. Perhaps you suffer from overwork. Perhaps you suffer from overwork.

或许或许你是工作过度了。你是工作过度了。

2. 2. I suffer from high blood pressure. I suffer from high blood pressure.

我患有高血压我患有高血压。。

systematicsystematic adj. adj. 系统的；规划的；有计划的系统的；规划的；有计划的


1. an elaborate and systematic plan of action. 1. an elaborate and systematic plan of action.

详细有系统的行动计划。详细有系统的行动计划。

2. a systematic orderly arrangement. 2. a systematic orderly arrangement.

系统的有秩序的排列。系统的有秩序的排列。

1. an elaborate and systematic plan of action. 1. an elaborate and systematic plan of action.

详细有系统的行动计划。详细有系统的行动计划。

2. a systematic orderly arrangement. 2. a systematic orderly arrangement.

系统的有秩序的排列。系统的有秩序的排列。

ListeningListening

TextText

8.3 Methods of Ongoing Banking Supervision8.3 Methods of Ongoing Banking Supervision 8.3 Methods of Ongoing Banking Supervision8.3 Methods of Ongoing Banking Supervision


8.3 Methods of Ongoing Banking Supervision8.3 Methods of Ongoing Banking Supervision

Supervision requires the collection and analysis of informaSupervision requires the collection and analysis of information. This can be done on or off-site. An effective supervisory stion. This can be done on or off-site. An effective supervisory system will use both means. In some countries, on-site work is cystem will use both means. In some countries, on-site work is carried out by examiners and in others by qualified arried out by examiners and in others by qualified external aud auditors. In still other countries, a mixed system of on-site examinitors. In still other countries, a mixed system of on-site examinations and collaboration between the supervisors and the exterations and collaboration between the supervisors and the external auditors exists. The extent of on-site work and the method nal auditors exists. The extent of on-site work and the method by which it is carried out depend on a variety of factors.by which it is carried out depend on a variety of factors.

Text :Text :

No matter what kinds of supervisory methods are employNo matter what kinds of supervisory methods are employ

ed, banking supervisors must have regular contact with bank ed, banking supervisors must have regular contact with bank

management and a thorough understanding of the institutiomanagement and a thorough understanding of the institutio

n's operations. Review of the reports of n's operations. Review of the reports of internal and external a and external a

uditors can be an integral part of both on-site and off-site supuditors can be an integral part of both on-site and off-site sup

ervision. The various factors considered during the licensing ervision. The various factors considered during the licensing

process should be periodically assessed as part of on-going suprocess should be periodically assessed as part of on-going su

pervision. pervision.

Text:Text:

Banks should Banks should submit information on a information on a periodic basis for re basis for re

view by the supervisors, and supervisors should be able to disview by the supervisors, and supervisors should be able to dis

cuss regularly with banks all significant issues and areas of thcuss regularly with banks all significant issues and areas of th

eir business. If problems develop, banks should also feel that teir business. If problems develop, banks should also feel that t

hey can confide in and consult with the supervisor, and expect hey can confide in and consult with the supervisor, and expect

that problems will be discussed constructively and treated in a that problems will be discussed constructively and treated in a

confidential manner. They must also recognize their responsib manner. They must also recognize their responsib

ility to inform supervisors of important matters in a timely mility to inform supervisors of important matters in a timely m

anner.anner.

Text:Text:

OFF-SITE SURVEILLANCEOFF-SITE SURVEILLANCE

Supervisors often have a means of collecting, reviewing and Supervisors often have a means of collecting, reviewing and

analyzing prudential and analyzing prudential and statistical returns from banks on a so returns from banks on a so

lo and consolidated basis. These include basic financial statemlo and consolidated basis. These include basic financial statem

ents as well as supporting schedules that provide greater detail ents as well as supporting schedules that provide greater detail

exposing different types of risk and various other financial aspexposing different types of risk and various other financial asp

ects of the bank, including provisions and off-balance sheet actects of the bank, including provisions and off-balance sheet act

ivities.ivities.

Text:Text:

Generally speaking, the supervisory agencies also have the abilitGenerally speaking, the supervisory agencies also have the abilit

y to obtain information on y to obtain information on affiliated non-bank entities, and can non-bank entities, and can

make full use of publicly-available information and analysis.make full use of publicly-available information and analysis.

These reports can be used to check adherence to prudential rThese reports can be used to check adherence to prudential r

equirements, such as capital equirements, such as capital adequacy or single debtor limits. Of or single debtor limits. Of

f-site monitoring can often identify potential problems, particulf-site monitoring can often identify potential problems, particul

arly in the interval between on-site inspections, thereby providinarly in the interval between on-site inspections, thereby providin

g early detection and prompting corrective action before probleg early detection and prompting corrective action before proble

ms become more serious.ms become more serious.

Text:Text:

Such reports can also be used to identify trends not only for paSuch reports can also be used to identify trends not only for pa

rticular institutions, but also for the banking system as a whole.rticular institutions, but also for the banking system as a whole.

These reports can provide the basis for discussions with bank These reports can provide the basis for discussions with bank

management, either at periodic intervals or when problems apmanagement, either at periodic intervals or when problems ap

pear. In addition, the reports can also be a key component of epear. In addition, the reports can also be a key component of e

xamination planning so that xamination planning so that maximum benefit will be achieved benefit will be achieved

from an on-site review in a limited time.from an on-site review in a limited time.

Text:Text:

ON-SITE EXAMINATION AND/OR USE OF EXTERNAL AUDITORSON-SITE EXAMINATION AND/OR USE OF EXTERNAL AUDITORS

Supervisors generally have a means of validating supervisSupervisors generally have a means of validating supervis

ory information. This can be done either through on-site exaory information. This can be done either through on-site exa

minations or use of external auditors. On-site work, whether minations or use of external auditors. On-site work, whether

done by examination staff of the banking supervisory agency done by examination staff of the banking supervisory agency

or commissioned by supervisors but or commissioned by supervisors but undertaken by external au by external au

ditors, is able to provide independent verification that individditors, is able to provide independent verification that individ

ual banks have adequate corporate governance and that inforual banks have adequate corporate governance and that infor

mation provided by the banks is reliable.mation provided by the banks is reliable.

Text :Text :

On-site examinations provide the supervisor with a means of On-site examinations provide the supervisor with a means of

verifying or assessing a range of matters including:verifying or assessing a range of matters including:

◆ ◆ The accuracy of reports received from the bankThe accuracy of reports received from the bank

◆ ◆ The overall operations and condition of the bankThe overall operations and condition of the bank

◆ ◆ The adequacy of the bank's risk management systems and The adequacy of the bank's risk management systems and

internal control procedures internal control procedures

Text :Text :

◆ ◆ The quality of the loan portfolio and adequacy of loan losThe quality of the loan portfolio and adequacy of loan loss provisions and reservess provisions and reserves

◆ ◆ The competence of managementThe competence of management

◆ ◆ The adequacy of accounting and management informatioThe adequacy of accounting and management information systemsn systems

◆ ◆ Problems identified in off-site or previous on-site superviProblems identified in off-site or previous on-site supervisory processessory processes

◆ ◆ Bank adherence to laws and regulations and the terms Bank adherence to laws and regulations and the terms stipulated in the banking license. in the banking license.

Text:Text:

Depending on its use of examination staff, a supervisory agDepending on its use of examination staff, a supervisory agency may use external auditors to fulfill the above functions in ency may use external auditors to fulfill the above functions in whole or in part. In some cases, such functions may be part of whole or in part. In some cases, such functions may be part of the normal audit process (e.g. assessing the quality of the loan the normal audit process (e.g. assessing the quality of the loan portfolio and the level of provisions that need to be held againportfolio and the level of provisions that need to be held against it). In other areas, the supervisor should have adequate powst it). In other areas, the supervisor should have adequate powers to require work to be commissioned ers to require work to be commissioned specifically for superv for supervisory purposes (e.g. on the accuracy of reports filed with superisory purposes (e.g. on the accuracy of reports filed with supervisors or the adequacy of control systems.)visors or the adequacy of control systems.)

Text:Text:

However, the work of external auditors can be used only when However, the work of external auditors can be used only when there is a well-developed, professionally independent auditing there is a well-developed, professionally independent auditing profession to undertake the work required. In these circumstanprofession to undertake the work required. In these circumstances, the supervisory agency needs to reserve the right to veto thces, the supervisory agency needs to reserve the right to veto the e appointment of a particular firm of external auditors where su of a particular firm of external auditors where supervisory reliance is to be placed on the firm's work.pervisory reliance is to be placed on the firm's work.

In all cases, the supervisory agency should have the legal auIn all cases, the supervisory agency should have the legal authority and means to independent checks of banks based on idethority and means to independent checks of banks based on identified concerns.ntified concerns.

Text:Text:

SUPERVISION ON A CONSOLIDATED BASISSUPERVISION ON A CONSOLIDATED BASIS

A key factor of banking supervision is the ability of the supeA key factor of banking supervision is the ability of the supe

rvisors to supervise the rvisors to supervise the consolidated banking organization. This banking organization. This

includes the ability to review both banking and non-banking actincludes the ability to review both banking and non-banking act

ivities conducted by the banking organization, either directly or ivities conducted by the banking organization, either directly or

indirectly (through subsidiaries and affiliates), and activities coindirectly (through subsidiaries and affiliates), and activities co

nducted at both nducted at both domestic and foreign offices. Supervisors need t and foreign offices. Supervisors need t

o take into account that non-financial activities of a bank or groo take into account that non-financial activities of a bank or gro

up may pose risks to the bank.up may pose risks to the bank.

Text:Text:

Supervisors should decide which prudential requirements wSupervisors should decide which prudential requirements w

ill be applied on a bank-only (solo) basis, which ones will be ill be applied on a bank-only (solo) basis, which ones will be

applied on a consolidated basis, and which ones will be appliapplied on a consolidated basis, and which ones will be appli

ed on both bases. In all cases, the banking supervisors shouled on both bases. In all cases, the banking supervisors shoul

d be aware of the overall structure of the banking organizatid be aware of the overall structure of the banking organizati

on or group when applying their supervisory methods. Bankon or group when applying their supervisory methods. Bank

ing supervisors should also have the ability to ing supervisors should also have the ability to coordinate wit wit

h other authorities responsible for supervising specific entitih other authorities responsible for supervising specific entiti

es within the organization’s structure.es within the organization’s structure.

Text:Text:

externalexternal adj. adj. 外部的外部的 , , 外面的外面的 ; ; 外国的外国的 , , 外外来的来的


1. external cause 1. external cause

外因外因

2. judgment on external conformation 2. judgment on external conformation

外貌鉴定外貌鉴定

1. external cause 1. external cause

外因外因

2. judgment on external conformation 2. judgment on external conformation

外貌鉴定外貌鉴定

internalinternal adj. adj. 内内 (( 部部 )) 的的 , , 内在的内在的 , , 固有固有的的


1. the internal relations of things 1. the internal relations of things

事物的内部联系事物的内部联系

2. internal rules of labor 2. internal rules of labor

内部劳动规则内部劳动规则

1. the internal relations of things 1. the internal relations of things

事物的内部联系事物的内部联系

2. internal rules of labor 2. internal rules of labor

内部劳动规则内部劳动规则

submitsubmit vt. vt. 使服从使服从 , , 使降服使降服 ; ; 提交提交 , , 委托委托 ; ;

主张主张 ,,


1. I refuse to submit. 1. I refuse to submit.

我决不屈服我决不屈服 ..

2. submit a case to the court 2. submit a case to the court

向法院提出诉讼向法院提出诉讼

3. I submit that this should be allowed . 3. I submit that this should be allowed .

我想这是可以允许的。我想这是可以允许的。

1. I refuse to submit. 1. I refuse to submit.

我决不屈服我决不屈服 ..

2. submit a case to the court 2. submit a case to the court

向法院提出诉讼向法院提出诉讼

3. I submit that this should be allowed . 3. I submit that this should be allowed .

我想这是可以允许的。我想这是可以允许的。

periodical adj.periodical adj. 周期的周期的 ; ; 定时的定时的 ; ; 间歇的间歇的 ; ; 刊刊物的物的 ;;


1. A periodical published triweekly. 1. A periodical published triweekly.

每三周发行一次的期刊每三周发行一次的期刊

2. architectural periodical in China 2. architectural periodical in China

中国建筑刊物中国建筑刊物

1. A periodical published triweekly. 1. A periodical published triweekly.

每三周发行一次的期刊每三周发行一次的期刊

2. architectural periodical in China 2. architectural periodical in China

中国建筑刊物中国建筑刊物

confidentialconfidential adj. adj. 机密的机密的 , , 获他人信赖的获他人信赖的 , , 易于信任他人易于信任他人的的


1. confidential information 1. confidential information

秘密情报秘密情报

2. Don't become too confidential with strangers. 2. Don't become too confidential with strangers.

不要太信任陌生人。不要太信任陌生人。

1. confidential information 1. confidential information

秘密情报秘密情报

2. Don't become too confidential with strangers. 2. Don't become too confidential with strangers.

不要太信任陌生人。不要太信任陌生人。

statisticalstatistical adj. adj. 统计的；统计学的统计的；统计学的


1. method of statistical balancing 1. method of statistical balancing

统计平衡法统计平衡法

2. statistical tables and graphs 2. statistical tables and graphs

统计图表统计图表

1. method of statistical balancing 1. method of statistical balancing

统计平衡法统计平衡法

2. statistical tables and graphs 2. statistical tables and graphs

统计图表统计图表

affiliateaffiliate vt. vt. 使紧密联系使紧密联系 , , 使附属使附属 , , 收养收养 vi. vi. 发生发生联系联系 ,,


1. She affiliates with an academic society. 1. She affiliates with an academic society.

她是某学术团体的成员。她是某学术团体的成员。

2. This hospital is affiliated with that university. 2. This hospital is affiliated with that university.

这个医院是那所大学的附属医院。这个医院是那所大学的附属医院。

1. She affiliates with an academic society. 1. She affiliates with an academic society.

她是某学术团体的成员。她是某学术团体的成员。

2. This hospital is affiliated with that university. 2. This hospital is affiliated with that university.

这个医院是那所大学的附属医院。这个医院是那所大学的附属医院。

adequacyadequacy n. n. 适当适当 , , 足够足够


The capital adequacy rate will be raised to 8 percent. The capital adequacy rate will be raised to 8 percent.

资本充足率提高到资本充足率提高到 88％。％。

The capital adequacy rate will be raised to 8 percent. The capital adequacy rate will be raised to 8 percent.

资本充足率提高到资本充足率提高到 88％。％。

maximummaximum n. n. 极点极点 , , 最大量最大量 ; adj. ; adj. 最高的最高的 , , 最大极最大极限的限的


1. The excitement was at its maximum. 1. The excitement was at its maximum.

兴奋到极点。兴奋到极点。

2. Maximum range of fire. 2. Maximum range of fire.

最大射程。最大射程。

1. The excitement was at its maximum. 1. The excitement was at its maximum.

兴奋到极点。兴奋到极点。

2. Maximum range of fire. 2. Maximum range of fire.

最大射程。最大射程。

undertakeundertake vt. vt. 试图试图 , , 从事从事 , , 保证保证 , , 承担承担 , , 同意同意 , ,

接受接受


1. The lawyer undertook the case without a fee. 1. The lawyer undertook the case without a fee.

这律师免费承办那个案件。这律师免费承办那个案件。

2. I can't undertake that you will make a profit. 2. I can't undertake that you will make a profit.

我不能担保你会获利。我不能担保你会获利。

1. The lawyer undertook the case without a fee. 1. The lawyer undertook the case without a fee.

这律师免费承办那个案件。这律师免费承办那个案件。

2. I can't undertake that you will make a profit. 2. I can't undertake that you will make a profit.

我不能担保你会获利。我不能担保你会获利。

stipulatestipulate vt. vt. 规定规定 , , 保证保证


1. Are there any rules that stipulate the order of relay? 1. Are there any rules that stipulate the order of relay?

接力游泳有什么顺序规定呢？接力游泳有什么顺序规定呢？

2. We shall make shipment within the time the contract 2. We shall make shipment within the time the contract

stipulate. stipulate.

我们将在合同规定的期限内装船。我们将在合同规定的期限内装船。

1. Are there any rules that stipulate the order of relay? 1. Are there any rules that stipulate the order of relay?

接力游泳有什么顺序规定呢？接力游泳有什么顺序规定呢？

2. We shall make shipment within the time the contract 2. We shall make shipment within the time the contract

stipulate. stipulate.

我们将在合同规定的期限内装船。我们将在合同规定的期限内装船。

specificallyspecifically adv. adv. 特定地特定地 , , 明确地明确地


1. He asked specifically for you. 1. He asked specifically for you.

他表明要见你。他表明要见你。

2. She hates specifically that boy. 2. She hates specifically that boy.

她特别地恨那个男孩。她特别地恨那个男孩。

1. He asked specifically for you. 1. He asked specifically for you.

他表明要见你。他表明要见你。

2. She hates specifically that boy. 2. She hates specifically that boy.

她特别地恨那个男孩。她特别地恨那个男孩。

appointmentappointment n. n. 约会约会 , , 委任的职位委任的职位 , , 委派委派


1. get a good appointment 1. get a good appointment

获得一个好职位获得一个好职位

2. I overslept my appointment. 2. I overslept my appointment.

我睡过了头，误了约会时间我睡过了头，误了约会时间 ..

1. get a good appointment 1. get a good appointment

获得一个好职位获得一个好职位

2. I overslept my appointment. 2. I overslept my appointment.

我睡过了头，误了约会时间我睡过了头，误了约会时间 ..

consolidatedconsolidated adj. adj. 加固的；整理过的；统一加固的；整理过的；统一的的


1. industrial and commercial consolidated tax 1. industrial and commercial consolidated tax

工商统一税工商统一税

2. He had consolidated his position. 2. He had consolidated his position.

他已经巩固了自己的地位。他已经巩固了自己的地位。

1. industrial and commercial consolidated tax 1. industrial and commercial consolidated tax

工商统一税工商统一税

2. He had consolidated his position. 2. He had consolidated his position.

他已经巩固了自己的地位。他已经巩固了自己的地位。

domesticdomestic adj. adj. 家家 ((里里 )) 的的 , , 家庭的家庭的 ; ; 本国的本国的 , , 国内的国内的 , ,

对内的对内的


1. domestic markets 1. domestic markets

国内市场国内市场

2. She is a very domestic sort of woman. 2. She is a very domestic sort of woman.

她是个十足的家庭妇女。她是个十足的家庭妇女。

1. domestic markets 1. domestic markets

国内市场国内市场

2. She is a very domestic sort of woman. 2. She is a very domestic sort of woman.

她是个十足的家庭妇女。她是个十足的家庭妇女。

coordinatecoordinate n. n. 同等的人同等的人 (( 或物或物 ),), vt. (vt. ( 使使 ))协协调调


1. Let's coordinate our efforts. 1. Let's coordinate our efforts.

我们共同努力吧。我们共同努力吧。

2. We need to coordinate our efforts. 2. We need to coordinate our efforts.

我们需要协调我们的工作。我们需要协调我们的工作。

1. Let's coordinate our efforts. 1. Let's coordinate our efforts.

我们共同努力吧。我们共同努力吧。

2. We need to coordinate our efforts. 2. We need to coordinate our efforts.

我们需要协调我们的工作。我们需要协调我们的工作。

ListeningListening

TextText

8.4 How to Improve and Enhance Banking 8.4 How to Improve and Enhance Banking SupervisionSupervision

8.4 How to Improve and Enhance Banking 8.4 How to Improve and Enhance Banking SupervisionSupervision


8.4 How to Improve and Enhance Banking Supervision8.4 How to Improve and Enhance Banking Supervision

Firstly, clear responsibilities and objectives for each supervFirstly, clear responsibilities and objectives for each superv

isory agency involved are isory agency involved are preconditionss for effective banking su for effective banking su

pervision. Each such agency should possess operational indepepervision. Each such agency should possess operational indepe

ndence and adequate resources, as well as share information onndence and adequate resources, as well as share information on

e another and protect the confidentiality of the information.e another and protect the confidentiality of the information.

Text :Text :

Secondly, a Secondly, a suitable legal framework for banking supervisi legal framework for banking supervision is also necessary, including provisions relating to authorizaon is also necessary, including provisions relating to authorization of banking organizations and their ongoing supervision; tion of banking organizations and their ongoing supervision; powers to address powers to address compliance with laws as well as safety and s with laws as well as safety and soundness concerns; and legal protection for supervisors.oundness concerns; and legal protection for supervisors.

Despite the efforts of supervisors, situations can occur wheDespite the efforts of supervisors, situations can occur where banks fail to meet supervisory requirements or where their re banks fail to meet supervisory requirements or where their solvency comes into question.solvency comes into question.

Text:Text:

In order to protect depositors and creditors, and prevent In order to protect depositors and creditors, and prevent more widespread more widespread contagion of such problems, supervisors m of such problems, supervisors must be able to conduct appropriate intervention. Banking supust be able to conduct appropriate intervention. Banking supervisors must have at their disposal adequate supervisory meervisors must have at their disposal adequate supervisory measures to bring about timely corrective action. In those instaasures to bring about timely corrective action. In those instances where the problem is relatively minor, informal action snces where the problem is relatively minor, informal action such as a simple oral or written communication to bank manauch as a simple oral or written communication to bank management may be all right. In other instances, more formal actigement may be all right. In other instances, more formal action may be necessary.on may be necessary.

Text:Text:

Supervisors should have the authority not only to restrict tSupervisors should have the authority not only to restrict the current activities of the bank but also withhold approval fohe current activities of the bank but also withhold approval for new activities or acquisitions. They should also have the autr new activities or acquisitions. They should also have the authority to restrict or hority to restrict or suspendsuspend dividend or other payments to sh dividend or other payments to shareholders, as well as to restrict asset transfers and a bank's pareholders, as well as to restrict asset transfers and a bank's purchase of its own shares. The supervisor should have effectivurchase of its own shares. The supervisor should have effective means to address management problems. In extreme cases, te means to address management problems. In extreme cases, the supervisors should have the ability to impose conservatorshe supervisors should have the ability to impose conservatorship over a bank that is failing to meet prudential or other reqhip over a bank that is failing to meet prudential or other requirements.uirements.

Text:Text:

It is important that all It is important that all remedial actions be addressed directly actions be addressed directly to the bank's board of directors since they have overall respoto the bank's board of directors since they have overall responsibility for the institution.nsibility for the institution.

It is worthy of mentioning that once remedial measures hIt is worthy of mentioning that once remedial measures have been imposed, supervisors must check them to determine ave been imposed, supervisors must check them to determine whether the bank is complying with the measures. There showhether the bank is complying with the measures. There should be a progressive uld be a progressive escalation of action or remedial measure of action or remedial measures if the problems become worse or if bank management ignors if the problems become worse or if bank management ignores more informal requests from supervisors to take correctives more informal requests from supervisors to take corrective action.e action.

Text:Text:

Thirdly, banking supervision should be strengthened in orThirdly, banking supervision should be strengthened in order to reduce the der to reduce the likelihood of future crises, the supervisors s of future crises, the supervisors should firm up prudential guidelines, establish hould firm up prudential guidelines, establish minimumminimum capit capital requirements, adopt better systems to monitor asset qualital requirements, adopt better systems to monitor asset quality and provision for bad loans, and impose tighter limits on exy and provision for bad loans, and impose tighter limits on excessive concentration of risk. In fact, requiring banks to hold cessive concentration of risk. In fact, requiring banks to hold a minimum amount of capital is intended to limit moral hazaa minimum amount of capital is intended to limit moral hazard by putting bank owners' money at risk. It can also help bard by putting bank owners' money at risk. It can also help banks weather economic slowdown.nks weather economic slowdown.

Text:Text:

Supervision can also be improved by the development of betSupervision can also be improved by the development of better leading indicators of banking health. Many of the current ter leading indicators of banking health. Many of the current prudential indicators, such as the ratio of nonperforming loanprudential indicators, such as the ratio of nonperforming loans to total loans, are backward looking. In fact, bank supervisors to total loans, are backward looking. In fact, bank supervisors would benefit from systematic information on the prices of hs would benefit from systematic information on the prices of houses and land (because ouses and land (because real estatereal estate booms often precede banki booms often precede banking problems) and on the economic outlook for key sectors. Balng problems) and on the economic outlook for key sectors. Balance sheets should reflect market values as closely as possible.ance sheets should reflect market values as closely as possible.

Text:Text:

Lastly, banking supervision is a dynamic function that needs to Lastly, banking supervision is a dynamic function that needs to

respond to changes in the marketplace. Consequently supervisors respond to changes in the marketplace. Consequently supervisors

must be prepared to reassess periodically their supervisory policimust be prepared to reassess periodically their supervisory polici

es and practices es and practices in the light of new trends or developments. Therenew trends or developments. There

fore clear and fore clear and dynamic internal guidelines concerning the frequen internal guidelines concerning the frequen

cy and scope of examinations are highly required. Examination pcy and scope of examinations are highly required. Examination p

olicies and procedures should be developed in order to ensure thaolicies and procedures should be developed in order to ensure tha

t examinations are conducted in a thorough and consistent mannt examinations are conducted in a thorough and consistent mann

er with clear objectives.er with clear objectives.

Text:Text:

precondition n.precondition n. 前提前提 , , 先决条件先决条件


1. This was a necessary precondition for creating a political s1. This was a necessary precondition for creating a political s

ituation of stability, unity and liveliness. ituation of stability, unity and liveliness.

这是建立安定团结政治局面的必要保障。这是建立安定团结政治局面的必要保障。

2. This is a precondition for the continuity of the human race.2. This is a precondition for the continuity of the human race.

生儿育女是人类得以延续的前提条件。生儿育女是人类得以延续的前提条件。

1. This was a necessary precondition for creating a political s1. This was a necessary precondition for creating a political s

ituation of stability, unity and liveliness. ituation of stability, unity and liveliness.

这是建立安定团结政治局面的必要保障。这是建立安定团结政治局面的必要保障。

2. This is a precondition for the continuity of the human race.2. This is a precondition for the continuity of the human race.

生儿育女是人类得以延续的前提条件。生儿育女是人类得以延续的前提条件。

suitablesuitable adj. adj. 适合的适合的 , , 适当的适当的 ; ; 相配的相配的 (to, f(to, f

or)or)


1. books suitable for children 1. books suitable for children

适合儿童阅读的书籍适合儿童阅读的书籍

2. This wine is not suitable to my taste. 2. This wine is not suitable to my taste.

这酒不合我的胃口。这酒不合我的胃口。

1. books suitable for children 1. books suitable for children

适合儿童阅读的书籍适合儿童阅读的书籍

2. This wine is not suitable to my taste. 2. This wine is not suitable to my taste.

这酒不合我的胃口。这酒不合我的胃口。

compliancecompliance n. n. 服从；遵守服从；遵守


1. Compliance with the law is expected in the state.1. Compliance with the law is expected in the state.

该州要求人人守法。该州要求人人守法。

2. We reasoned him into compliance. 2. We reasoned him into compliance.

我们使他心服照办了。我们使他心服照办了。

1. Compliance with the law is expected in the state.1. Compliance with the law is expected in the state.

该州要求人人守法。该州要求人人守法。

2. We reasoned him into compliance. 2. We reasoned him into compliance.

我们使他心服照办了。我们使他心服照办了。

contagioncontagion n. n. 触染触染 , , 触染病触染病 , , 蔓延蔓延 , , 歪歪风风


1. psychic contagion 1. psychic contagion

心理传染心理传染

2. The growth of derivatives and modern information te2. The growth of derivatives and modern information technology also contributed to the speed of the contagichnology also contributed to the speed of the contagion. on.

衍生物增加，资讯科技发达，也加速了经济不景之风衍生物增加，资讯科技发达，也加速了经济不景之风蔓延。蔓延。

1. psychic contagion 1. psychic contagion

心理传染心理传染

2. The growth of derivatives and modern information te2. The growth of derivatives and modern information technology also contributed to the speed of the contagichnology also contributed to the speed of the contagion. on.

衍生物增加，资讯科技发达，也加速了经济不景之风衍生物增加，资讯科技发达，也加速了经济不景之风蔓延。蔓延。

suspendsuspend vt. vt. 悬悬 , , 吊吊 , , 使悬浮使悬浮 , , 暂停暂停 , , 中止中止 , ,

推迟推迟


1. suspend a lamp from the ceiling 1. suspend a lamp from the ceiling

把灯从天花板挂下把灯从天花板挂下

2. suspend payment 2. suspend payment

暂停付款暂停付款

1. suspend a lamp from the ceiling 1. suspend a lamp from the ceiling

把灯从天花板挂下把灯从天花板挂下

2. suspend payment 2. suspend payment

暂停付款暂停付款

remedialremedial adj. adj. 治疗的治疗的 , , 补救的补救的 , , 矫正矫正的的


1. remedial education1. remedial education

补救教育补救教育

2. Take remedial measures against unemployment. 2. Take remedial measures against unemployment.

采取对付失业现象的补救措施采取对付失业现象的补救措施 ..

1. remedial education1. remedial education

补救教育补救教育

2. Take remedial measures against unemployment. 2. Take remedial measures against unemployment.

采取对付失业现象的补救措施采取对付失业现象的补救措施 ..

escalationescalation n. n. 扩大扩大 , , 增加增加


As what we have sign be a fix - price contract with escalatiAs what we have sign be a fix - price contract with escalati

on, the price can be changed without notice. on, the price can be changed without notice.

由于我们所签的是一份标价伸缩合同，价格可以不经事先由于我们所签的是一份标价伸缩合同，价格可以不经事先通知而变动。通知而变动。

As what we have sign be a fix - price contract with escalatiAs what we have sign be a fix - price contract with escalati

on, the price can be changed without notice. on, the price can be changed without notice.

由于我们所签的是一份标价伸缩合同，价格可以不经事先由于我们所签的是一份标价伸缩合同，价格可以不经事先通知而变动。通知而变动。

likelihoodlikelihood n. n. 可能可能 , , 可能性可能性


1. in all likelihood 1. in all likelihood

十之八九十之八九 , , 多半多半

2. Do you think there is any likelihood of his agreeing to it?2. Do you think there is any likelihood of his agreeing to it?

你认为他有同意此事的可能性吗你认为他有同意此事的可能性吗 ??

1. in all likelihood 1. in all likelihood

十之八九十之八九 , , 多半多半

2. Do you think there is any likelihood of his agreeing to it?2. Do you think there is any likelihood of his agreeing to it?

你认为他有同意此事的可能性吗你认为他有同意此事的可能性吗 ??

minimumminimum adj. adj. 最小的最小的 , , 最低的最低的


1. They want to spend a minimum of both time and money.1. They want to spend a minimum of both time and money.

他们想花费最少的时间和钱。他们想花费最少的时间和钱。

2. The thermometer reached the minimum for the year. 2. The thermometer reached the minimum for the year.

寒暑表已降到当年的最低记录。寒暑表已降到当年的最低记录。

1. They want to spend a minimum of both time and money.1. They want to spend a minimum of both time and money.

他们想花费最少的时间和钱。他们想花费最少的时间和钱。

2. The thermometer reached the minimum for the year. 2. The thermometer reached the minimum for the year.

寒暑表已降到当年的最低记录。寒暑表已降到当年的最低记录。

real estatereal estate n. n. 不动产；房地产不动产；房地产


1. All his money is in real estate. 1. All his money is in real estate.

他所有的钱财都是不动产的形式。他所有的钱财都是不动产的形式。

2. Made a bundle selling real estate. 2. Made a bundle selling real estate.

通过卖不动产赚了一大笔钱通过卖不动产赚了一大笔钱 ..

1. All his money is in real estate. 1. All his money is in real estate.

他所有的钱财都是不动产的形式。他所有的钱财都是不动产的形式。

2. Made a bundle selling real estate. 2. Made a bundle selling real estate.

通过卖不动产赚了一大笔钱通过卖不动产赚了一大笔钱 ..

in the light ofin the light of adv. adv. 按照按照 , , 根据根据 , , 当当作作


1. Review the proposals in the light of past experience. 1. Review the proposals in the light of past experience.

照老经验来评论那些建议照老经验来评论那些建议 ..







dynamicdynamic adj. adj. 动态的动态的 , , 有活力的有活力的 , , 有力的有力的 , , 动动力的力的


1. dynamic economics 1. dynamic economics

动态经济学动态经济学

2. a man of dynamic personalities 2. a man of dynamic personalities

性格活跃的人性格活跃的人

1. dynamic economics 1. dynamic economics

动态经济学动态经济学

2. a man of dynamic personalities 2. a man of dynamic personalities

性格活跃的人性格活跃的人

I.I. Study questions.Study questions.

1. What is banking supervision? And its task?1. What is banking supervision? And its task?

2. How many methods of banking supervision are 2. How many methods of banking supervision are

employed at present? What are they?employed at present? What are they?

3. What can bank supervisors draw from on-site3. What can bank supervisors draw from on-site

examinations?examinations?

ExcisesExcises

1. Banking supervision refers to the act of monitoring the f1. Banking supervision refers to the act of monitoring the f

inancial performance and operations of banks in order to eninancial performance and operations of banks in order to en

sure that they are operating safely and soundly and followinsure that they are operating safely and soundly and followin

g rules and regulations. It is conducted by governmental regg rules and regulations. It is conducted by governmental reg

ulators and occurs in order to prevent bank failures. The tasulators and occurs in order to prevent bank failures. The tas

k of supervision is to ensure that banks operate in a safe and k of supervision is to ensure that banks operate in a safe and

sound manner and that they hold capital and reserves sufficisound manner and that they hold capital and reserves suffici

ent to support the risks that arise in their business.ent to support the risks that arise in their business.

ExcisesExcises

2. Off-site surveillance, on-site examination and/or use of e2. Off-site surveillance, on-site examination and/or use of e

xternal auditors and supervision on a consolidated basis..xternal auditors and supervision on a consolidated basis..

ExcisesExcises

3. Firstly, clear responsibilities and objectives for each supervisory agen3. Firstly, clear responsibilities and objectives for each supervisory agency involved are preconditions for effective banking supervision. Secondlcy involved are preconditions for effective banking supervision. Secondly, a suitable legal framework for banking supervision is also necessary. y, a suitable legal framework for banking supervision is also necessary. Thirdly, banking supervision should be strengthened in order to reduce Thirdly, banking supervision should be strengthened in order to reduce the likelihood of future crises, the supervisors should firm up prudentiathe likelihood of future crises, the supervisors should firm up prudential guidelines, establish minimum capital requirements, adopt better systel guidelines, establish minimum capital requirements, adopt better systems to monitor asset quality and provision for bad loans, and impose tigms to monitor asset quality and provision for bad loans, and impose tighter limits on excessive concentration of risk. Supervisors should have thter limits on excessive concentration of risk. Supervisors should have the authority not only to restrict the current activities of the bank but alhe authority not only to restrict the current activities of the bank but also withhold approval for new activities or acquisitions. Supervision can so withhold approval for new activities or acquisitions. Supervision can also be improved by the development of better leading indicators of banalso be improved by the development of better leading indicators of banking health. Lastly, banking supervision is a dynamic function that neeking health. Lastly, banking supervision is a dynamic function that needs to respond to changes in the marketplace.ds to respond to changes in the marketplace.

ExcisesExcises

ⅡⅡ. Translation . Translation

1. 1. 经济环境的变化将刺激人们去寻求可能有利可图的创经济环境的变化将刺激人们去寻求可能有利可图的创新。新。

2. 2. 中央银行要指导专业银行从事信贷活动。中央银行要指导专业银行从事信贷活动。

3. 3. 每个监管机构都能实现信息共享，但是同时要做好信每个监管机构都能实现信息共享，但是同时要做好信息保密工作。息保密工作。

4. 4. 如果发生问题，银行应当确信他们可以信赖监管者并如果发生问题，银行应当确信他们可以信赖监管者并与监管者共同商讨解决办法。与监管者共同商讨解决办法。

ExcisesExcises

Check-upCheck-upCheck-upCheck-up

1. A change of the financial environment will stimulate a sea1. A change of the financial environment will stimulate a search by financial institutions for innovations that are likely to rch by financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. be profitable.

2. The central bank will guide the specialized banks to engag2. The central bank will guide the specialized banks to engage in credit activities.e in credit activities.

3. Each supervisory agency can share information one anoth3. Each supervisory agency can share information one another but should protect the confidentiality of the information at er but should protect the confidentiality of the information at the same time. the same time.

4. If problems develop, banks should also feel that they can c4. If problems develop, banks should also feel that they can confide in and consult with the supervisor, and expect that proonfide in and consult with the supervisor, and expect that problems will be discussed (to solve the problem).blems will be discussed (to solve the problem).

ExcisesExcises

5. Banks also earn money from the charges which they make fo5. Banks also earn money from the charges which they make fo

r some of their services, but much the greater part of their incor some of their services, but much the greater part of their inco

me comes from investing and lending their deposits. me comes from investing and lending their deposits.

6.The banking system can build up deposits by increasing loans 6.The banking system can build up deposits by increasing loans

and investments so long as banks keep enough currency and reand investments so long as banks keep enough currency and re

serves to meet the requirement imposed on them by regulation serves to meet the requirement imposed on them by regulation

and to redeem (and to redeem ( 赎回，挽回赎回，挽回 ) whatever amount the holders of ) whatever amount the holders of

deposits want to convert to currency.deposits want to convert to currency.

ExcisesExcises

Check-upCheck-upCheck-upCheck-up

5. 5. 银行家还从其提供服务的手续费中获得收入，除此而外，银行家还从其提供服务的手续费中获得收入，除此而外，银行的绝大部分收入是通过投资和出借储蓄资金而获得的。银行的绝大部分收入是通过投资和出借储蓄资金而获得的。

6. 6. 银行系统只要保持足够的货币和储备买组法规的规定，银行系统只要保持足够的货币和储备买组法规的规定，并且保证存款人变现的需要，就可以通过发放贷款、进行投并且保证存款人变现的需要，就可以通过发放贷款、进行投资来增加存款。资来增加存款。

ExcisesExcises

III. Fill in the blanks with proper words or phrases given below.III. Fill in the blanks with proper words or phrases given below.

ExcisesExcises

issue term note holderissue term note holder

reputation dealer ship come duereputation dealer ship come due

appropriate negotiableappropriate negotiable

issue term note holderissue term note holder

reputation dealer ship come duereputation dealer ship come due

appropriate negotiableappropriate negotiable

Bankers’ acceptances are very old form of commerciBankers’ acceptances are very old form of commerci

al credit. They provide a method whereby a bank may add ial credit. They provide a method whereby a bank may add i

ts good name and ts good name and to the promissory note of a bor to the promissory note of a bor

rower, thereby making the rower, thereby making the much more marketable much more marketable

than it would other wise be. Specifically, the mechanics of tthan it would other wise be. Specifically, the mechanics of t

he operation typically work like this. Suppose that an Amerhe operation typically work like this. Suppose that an Amer

ican exporter sells wheat to a Chinese importer. The ican exporter sells wheat to a Chinese importer. The

of the sale are that the Chinese import will pay for the wheaof the sale are that the Chinese import will pay for the whea

t ninety days after it is shipped.t ninety days after it is shipped.

ExercisesExercises

Bankers’ acceptances are very old form of commerciBankers’ acceptances are very old form of commerci

al credit. They provide a method whereby a bank may add ial credit. They provide a method whereby a bank may add i

ts good name and reputation to the promissory note of a bots good name and reputation to the promissory note of a bo

rrower, thereby making the note much more marketable thrrower, thereby making the note much more marketable th

an it would other wise be. Specifically, the mechanics of the an it would other wise be. Specifically, the mechanics of the

operation typically work like this. Suppose that an Americaoperation typically work like this. Suppose that an America

n exporter sells wheat to a Chinese importer. The terms of n exporter sells wheat to a Chinese importer. The terms of

the sale are that the Chinese import will pay for the wheat nthe sale are that the Chinese import will pay for the wheat n

inety days after it is shipped.inety days after it is shipped.

ExercisesExercises

ExercisesExercises

A for a variety of reasons, however, the American firm may A for a variety of reasons, however, the American firm may

want its money now, and not want to wait ninety days. If so, want its money now, and not want to wait ninety days. If so,

it may it may a draft on its bank ordering the bank to paa draft on its bank ordering the bank to pa

y a stipulated sum of money to y a stipulated sum of money to of the draft ninety of the draft ninety

days from now. Along with the draft, the American exportedays from now. Along with the draft, the American exporte

r will send r will send documents showing that the wheat has adocuments showing that the wheat has a

ctually been ctually been ..

ExercisesExercises

A for a variety of reasons, however, the American firm may A for a variety of reasons, however, the American firm may

want its money now, and not want to wait ninety days. If so, want its money now, and not want to wait ninety days. If so,

it may issue a draft on its bank ordering the bank to pay a sit may issue a draft on its bank ordering the bank to pay a s

tipulated sum of money to holder of the draft ninety days frtipulated sum of money to holder of the draft ninety days fr

om now. Along with the draft, the American exporter will som now. Along with the draft, the American exporter will s

end appropriate documents showing that the wheat has actend appropriate documents showing that the wheat has act

ually been shipped.ually been shipped.

ExercisesExercises

When the bank receives the draft, together with the docWhen the bank receives the draft, together with the doc

umentation, it stamps “accepted” across the face of it. By acumentation, it stamps “accepted” across the face of it. By ac

cepting the draft, the bank has given its unconditional guarcepting the draft, the bank has given its unconditional guar

antee to pay the draft when it antee to pay the draft when it . The draft is now . The draft is now

a a , marketable instrument. It is returned to the , marketable instrument. It is returned to the

American exporter, who will sell it through a regular American exporter, who will sell it through a regular

in banker’s acceptance. in banker’s acceptance.

(From Finance English by Chen Jianhu(From Finance English by Chen Jianhu

i)i)

ClozeCloze

When the bank receives the draft, together with the docWhen the bank receives the draft, together with the doc

umentation, it stamps “accepted” across the face of it. By acumentation, it stamps “accepted” across the face of it. By ac

cepting the draft, the bank has given its unconditional guarcepting the draft, the bank has given its unconditional guar

antee to pay the draft when it comes due. The draft is now a antee to pay the draft when it comes due. The draft is now a

negotiable, marketable instrument. It is returned to the Amnegotiable, marketable instrument. It is returned to the Am

erican exporter, who will sell it through a regular dealer in erican exporter, who will sell it through a regular dealer in

banker’s acceptance. banker’s acceptance.

(From Finance English by Chen Jianhu(From Finance English by Chen Jianhu

i)i)

AssignmentsAssignments

1.1. Review the Text .Review the Text .

2.2. Keep in mind the special teKeep in mind the special te

rms learned in this Unit.rms learned in this Unit.

3.3. Do exercises in the book.Do exercises in the book.

unit 8: banking supervision financial english unit 8: revision of unit 7revision of unit 7revision...

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