unit 8- reproduction 8a- meiosis & variation. collect! benchmark 3 study guides that were due...
TRANSCRIPT
Chromosome Number• Organisms have tens of thousands of genes that
determine individual traits. – The more closely related two organisms are,
the more genes they’ll have in common• Genes are lined up on chromosomes.• In somatic (body) cells of animals & most
plants, chromosomes occur in pairs.– Called homologous chromosomes – each
pair has genes that code for the same proteins.
– 1 chromosome came from the male parent & 1 from the female parent.
• A cell with two of each kind of chromosome is called diploid (2n).
Chromosome Number• Organisms also produce gametes
– Haploid (n) reproductive cells- contain one of each kind of chromosome
• Gametes have one of each kind of chromosome so that when they combine (as egg and sperm do during fertilization), the resulting cell is diploid.
• Each species has a specific number of chromosomes. – Humans have 23 pairs (46 total)– Fruit Flies have 4 pairs (8 total)– Dogs have 39 pairs (78 total)
Human Chromosomes• Humans have 23 pairs
of chromosomes
• 22 pairs of autosomes (chromosomes that do not determine gender)
• 1 pair of sex chromosomes
Karyotype
Meiosis: Why?• Mitosis divides one diploid cell to form two diploid cells
– Example: A human cell with 46 chromosomes divides to form two cells with 46 chromosomes.
• If each parent were to pass on a diploid cell to the offspring, that offspring would then have 4 copies of each chromosome– 46 chromosomes from each parent would yield a 92
chromosome offspring• Meiosis allows for two divisions to divide one diploid
cell into four haploid cells.– Results in a reduction in chromosome number – Aka reduction division
Meiosis: Where and Who?• Meiosis takes place in the
gonads (sexual organs)– For humans, these are the ovaries
& testes– Meiosis produces egg & sperm
cells (gametes)– Humans can produce 223 different
kinds of eggs & sperm….more than 8 million combinations!
• Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of gametes (fertilization)– The haploid sperm and egg join to
form a diploid zygote
Checkpoint
• Mitosis created ____________ cells, meaning they had the same number of chromosomes, and they were genetically similar.
• This was useful for processes like ________, and __________ of tissues.
• Meiosis created genetically ___________ cells.• This is useful for ______________, the fusion
of egg & sperm cells to form a zygote.
Meiosis Phases• Meiosis occurs in 2 steps:1. Meiosis I
– Results in 2 haploid daughter cells with duplicated chromosomes different from the sets in the original diploid cell.
2. Meiosis II– Results in 4 haploid
daughter cells with single (unduplicated) chromosomes
Interphase- G1, S, G2
• Before meiosis the cell must prepare for division:Cells increase in sizeDNA is replicated– Necessary proteins
& RNA are synthesized
• During this phase, chromosomes are not yet visible.
Prophase I• Nuclear membrane breaks down• Centrosomes head to opposite poles &
spindle forms• Duplicated chromosomes condense
– As in mitosis, each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids attached at a point called the centromere.
• (*hint- count centromeres to determine # of chromosomes*)
Prophase I• Synapsis- homologous chromosomes pair
up to form a tetrad– A homologous chromosome pair consists of
two chromosomes containing the same type of genes.
– Because the homologous chromosome pairs are very close to one another, an exchange of genetic material between the pairs occurs in a process called crossing over.
– Crossing over causes the daughter cells to have DNA that is different (different gene combination) from the original parent cell• Genetic recombination
Metaphase I
• Paired homologous chromosomes are aligned along equator of the cell with 1 chromosome of a pair on one side and the other chromosome of a pair on the other side. – Each pair is randomly oriented in terms of whether the
paternal or maternal chromosome is on a given side of the equator.
– Result is that 23 chromosomes, some from the mother & some from the father are lined up on each side of the equator. • This arrangement is called independent assortment • Causes the daughter cells to have DNA that is different from the
original parent cell
Anaphase I• The homologous chromosome pairs separate and
move to opposite poles of the cell. • Each daughter cell will receive only one chromosome
from each homologous chromosome pair. • Sister chromatids remain attached to each other
– Centromeres DO NOT split
Telophase I and Cytokinesis
• Chromosomes gather at the poles and uncoil
• Nuclear membrane reforms• Cytokinesis begins
– Each of the 2 daughter cells contains one chromosome (consisting of 2 sister chromatids) from each parental pair, and are therefore haploid
Prophase II
• Chromosomes become visible
• Spindle forms• If nuclear membrane
reformed after Telophase I, it will break down now
Metaphase II
• Chromosomes, made up of two sister chromatids, line up across the center of the cell in random order (just as they did during Mitosis)
Anaphase II
• The chromosomes separate so that one chromatid from each chromosome goes to each pole.
Telophase II & Cytokinesis
• Nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes
• The cell undergoes cytokinesis• The four resulting daughter cells are still haploid
(as they were at the end of meiosis I) because meiosis II is almost identical to mitosis– Each cell contains
one chromosome from each homologous pair
Let’s See it!
Genetic Variation• The DNA of the daughter cells produced by meiosis is
different from that of the parent cells due to 3 sources of genetic diversity provided by sexual reproduction and meiosis:– Fertilization combines the genetic material of two
genetically unique individuals (the 2 parents)– Crossing over produces new combinations of genes. – Independent assortment allows for the possibility of about 8
million different combinations of chromosomes that could end up in a cell produced by meiosis.