unit 8 solar system at the end of this unit you will be able to: calculate the number of degrees the...
TRANSCRIPT
Unit 8 Solar System
• At the end of this unit you will be able to:• Calculate the number of degrees the sun moved, or the
earth rotated, in a given time • Calculate the eccentricity of an orbit• Label a diagram of the hemisphere and show the setting
and rising positions of the sun.• Locate Polaris• State what direction the earth rotates• Differentiate between Geocentric and Heliocentric models• State the difference between Jovian and Terrestrial Planets • Define: Orbit, ellipse, Penumbra, Umbra, Eclipse, Rotation,
Revolution, Constellation• Read The Luminosity chart in the reference tables
Earth Science Picture of the Day
http://epod.usra.edu/
Vocabulary: Astronomy
Red shift: indicates that celestial objects are moving apart (distance is increasing, expanding)
Galaxy: collection of stars, gases and dust held together by gravity
Star: large ball of gas that produces energy and shines
Vocabulary: Astronomy
Luminosity: how bright an object is compared to our sun
Asteroid: solid, irregularly shaped object that orbits the sun
Comet: an object with a very eccentric orbit, vaporizes as it travels leaving a tail behind it
Vocabulary: Astronomy
Meteor: small solid fragment that burns up in the earth’s atmosphere
Terrestrial: rocky core, high density
Jovian: gaseous core, low density
Rotation: to spin on an axis
Revolution: to travel around an object
Vocabulary: Astronomy
Orbit: path of an object revolving around another
Aphelion (apogee): point in an orbit where it is farthest from the sun, least gravity, slowest orbiting speed
Perihelion (perigee): point in an orbit where it is closest to the sun, greatest gravity, fastest orbiting speed
Ellipse: shape of an orbit
Vocabulary: Astronomy
Foci (focus): fixed object in space around which an object orbits (revolves)
Eccentricity: how out of round an orbit is, degree of flatness, value between zero and one
Gravitation: (gravity) attractive force between two objects
Geocentric: Earth at the center Heliocentric: Sun at the center
Vocabulary: Astronomy
Constellation: A group of stars that make a pattern
Tides: rise and fall of the sea level caused by the moons gravity
Eclipse: when a celestial object falls into the shadow of another celestial object
I. Celestial Observations
•A. Night Sky–1. Constellations: A group of stars that make a pattern in the sky
Constellations
•2. Polaris, aka north star, located above the North Pole and The Earth’s axis of rotation
Star Motion
4. Stars appear to move East to West in a Counterclockwise motion at the rate of 15 degrees per hour.
Star Trails
Star trails are made by leaving your camera shutter open and pointed at the location that marks the Earth’s Axis of rotation.
If the Camera is in the Northern Hemisphere you would point it at what?
If you were in the southern Hemisphere would you have a star at the center of the
trail?
B. Day Sky
1. The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west
2. Moves across the Sky at the rate of 15 degrees per hour.
B. Day Sky
3. Sun looks like it moves because the earth is rotating.
4. At the poles your travel slower than you would at the equator.
B. Day Sky
5. Rotation of the earth evidencea. Focult pendulum and Coriolis effect.
b. Sun rising and setting
(once a day)
C. Seasons
1. We have seasons because the earth is tilteda. the earth is tilted at an angle of 23 1/2 degrees from straight up.
C. Seasons
2. Summer (Solstice)a. June 21st b. Longest day of sunlightc. Highest altitude of sun in the sky
C. Seasons
2. Summer (Solstice)d. shortest shadowe. longest arc or path of the sunf. Rises NE and sets NW
C. Seasons
3. Winter (Solstice)a. December 21stb. Shortest day of sunlightc. lowest altitude of sun in the sky
C. Seasons
3. Winter (Solstice)d. longest shadowe. shortest arc or path of the sunf. Rises SE, sets SW
C. Seasons
4. Fall and Spring (Equinox)a. Equal amounts of daylight and night time (12 and 12)b. March 21st and September 21st.
C. Seasons
4. Fall and Spring (Equinox)c. Rises on East ands sets on West.d. Sunlight rays are directly on the equator.
Eclipses
Solar Eclipse: When the Sun and moon and earth are lined up. The moon is between the earth and the sun
http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eclipse/images/Freds_dundlod_movie.mpg
Lunar eclipse
When the Sun and moon and earth are lined up. The earth is between the moon and the sun
Eccentricity
Degree of “out of roundness” of an ellipse determined by the distance between the two foci divided by the length of the major axis of the ellipse
Eccentricity has no labelThe value of eccentricity is between ZERO (which is a perfect circle) and ONE (which is a line)
When the sun and the moon are lined up to both pull in the same direction or opposite directions, tides are especially strong. This is called a 'spring tide.'
Spring tides occur during the full moon and the new moon.
Neap tides are especially weak tides. They occur when the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun are perpendicular to one another (with respect to the Earth).
Neap tides occur during quarter moons.
B. Planets
1. Jovian planets: Gaseous planet, low density, these include: Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune, and Uranus
Terrestrial planets
These include; Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
These planets have a rocky core and are the closest to the sun
C. Stars
1. We classify stars based on their luminosity, compared to our sun.
2. P 15, ESRT3. Stars moving towards us are more of a blue or violet color
C.Stars
4. Stars moving away are colored red
http://www.astro.princeton.edu/~clark/teachersguide.html
Analogy: Bloody nose, fist has already hit you and is moving away from your face
C. Stars
5. The fact that the star colors are changing are indications that the universe is either expanding or contracting
http://www.classzone.com/
books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/
es2808/es2808page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization