unit 8~ stoichiometry most of your notebooks are not graded. please make sure to leave them in the...
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Unit 8~ StoichiometryUnit 8~ Stoichiometry
Most of your notebooks are NOT graded. Please make sure to leave them in the same stack (NEATLY) after taking notes for me to grade!
Most of your notebooks are NOT graded. Please make sure to leave them in the same stack (NEATLY) after taking notes for me to grade!
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Vocabulary-Do these in your notebookVocabulary-Do these in your notebook
Actual Yield
Excess reactant
Limiting reactant
Mole ratio
Percent yield
Stoichiometry
Theoretical yield
Actual Yield
Excess reactant
Limiting reactant
Mole ratio
Percent yield
Stoichiometry
Theoretical yield
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Reaction StoichiometryReaction Stoichiometry
Greek for “measuring elements”
Involves the mass relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
Based on balanced chemical equations & the Law of Conservation of Mass
Greek for “measuring elements”
Involves the mass relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
Based on balanced chemical equations & the Law of Conservation of Mass
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4Fe(s) + 3O2 (g) 2Fe2O3(s) 4Fe(s) + 3O2 (g) 2Fe2O3(s)
Review:Atom – smallest unit of an element
Example: Fe
Molecule – group of atoms joined covalently ex. O2
Formula Unit – group of atoms joined ionically ex. Fe2O3
Review:Atom – smallest unit of an element
Example: Fe
Molecule – group of atoms joined covalently ex. O2
Formula Unit – group of atoms joined ionically ex. Fe2O3
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4Fe(s) + 3O2 (g) 2Fe2O3(s) 4Fe(s) + 3O2 (g) 2Fe2O3(s)
4 atoms of iron reacts with 3 molecules of oxygen to produce 2 formula units of iron (III) oxide.
Remember coefficients also represent the number of moles.
So…. 4 moles of iron reacts with 3 moles of oxygen to produce 2 moles of iron (III) oxide.
4 atoms of iron reacts with 3 molecules of oxygen to produce 2 formula units of iron (III) oxide.
Remember coefficients also represent the number of moles.
So…. 4 moles of iron reacts with 3 moles of oxygen to produce 2 moles of iron (III) oxide.
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Mole RatiosMole Ratios
A conversion factor that relates the amounts in moles of any 2 substances involved in a chemical reaction
Use the coefficients in the equationEach ratio can be expressed in 2 ways
A conversion factor that relates the amounts in moles of any 2 substances involved in a chemical reaction
Use the coefficients in the equationEach ratio can be expressed in 2 ways
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Mole Ratios PracticeMole Ratios Practice
Determine all of the mole ratios in this equation:
2HCl + Mg H2 + MgCl2
2 mol HCl / 1 mol Mg
2 mol HCl / 1 mol H2
2 mol HCl / 1 mol MgCl2
1 mol Mg / 1 mole H2
Etc…
Determine all of the mole ratios in this equation:
2HCl + Mg H2 + MgCl2
2 mol HCl / 1 mol Mg
2 mol HCl / 1 mol H2
2 mol HCl / 1 mol MgCl2
1 mol Mg / 1 mole H2
Etc…
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CO2 + 2 Li(OH) Li2CO3 + H2OCO2 + 2 Li(OH) Li2CO3 + H2O
1. Determine all of the mole ratios in equation above.Write them down on a separate sheet of paper
to turn in at the end of class for a grade.
You will be adding other answers to this paper as well
1. Determine all of the mole ratios in equation above.Write them down on a separate sheet of paper
to turn in at the end of class for a grade.
You will be adding other answers to this paper as well
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Review Molar MassReview Molar Mass
Mass in grams of 1 mole of any substance. To calculate we must have the _______
_________ from the periodic table.
2. Calculate the Molar Mass of the following: (add this to your paper to turn in, this is review for you!)
Al2O3
CH4
Al2(SO4)3
Mass in grams of 1 mole of any substance. To calculate we must have the _______
_________ from the periodic table.
2. Calculate the Molar Mass of the following: (add this to your paper to turn in, this is review for you!)
Al2O3
CH4
Al2(SO4)3
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Stoichiometry ~ type 1: Converting Moles to Moles
Stoichiometry ~ type 1: Converting Moles to Moles
Given substance is in Moles
Unknown substance is Moles
One conversion factor required
Given substance is in Moles
Unknown substance is Moles
One conversion factor required
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Moles Moles PracticeMoles Moles Practice
CO2 + 2 LiOH Li2CO3 + H2O
How many moles of Lithium hydroxide are required to react with 20 mol of CO2 ?
Given = 20 mol CO2
Unknown = Li(OH) in moles
CO2 + 2 LiOH Li2CO3 + H2O
How many moles of Lithium hydroxide are required to react with 20 mol of CO2 ?
Given = 20 mol CO2
Unknown = Li(OH) in moles
20 mol CO2
2 mol Li(OH) 1 mol CO2
X =
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Type 2: Converting Moles to Grams
Type 2: Converting Moles to Grams
Given substance is in Moles
Unknown substance is Grams
2 Conversion factors required
Given substance is in Moles
Unknown substance is Grams
2 Conversion factors required
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Moles Grams Practice Moles Grams Practice
CO2 + 2 LiOH Li2CO3 + H2O
How many grams of Lithium hydroxide are required to react with 20 mol of CO2 ?
Given = 20 mol CO2
Unknown = Li(OH) in grams
CO2 + 2 LiOH Li2CO3 + H2O
How many grams of Lithium hydroxide are required to react with 20 mol of CO2 ?
Given = 20 mol CO2
Unknown = Li(OH) in grams
20 mol CO2 X 2 mol Li(OH) 1 mol CO2
X 24g Li(OH)
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Type 3: Converting Grams to Moles
Type 3: Converting Grams to Moles
Given substance is in Grams
Unknown substance is Moles
2 Conversion factors required
Given substance is in Grams
Unknown substance is Moles
2 Conversion factors required
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Grams Moles PracticeGrams Moles Practice
CO2 + 2 LiOH Li2CO3 + H2O
How many moles of Lithium hydroxide are required to react with 85 grams of CO2 ?
Given = 85 grams CO2 Unknown = Li(OH) in moles
CO2 + 2 LiOH Li2CO3 + H2O
How many moles of Lithium hydroxide are required to react with 85 grams of CO2 ?
Given = 85 grams CO2 Unknown = Li(OH) in moles
85g CO2 X 144g X
2 mol Li(OH) 1 mol CO2
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Type 4: Converting Grams to Grams
Type 4: Converting Grams to Grams
Given substance is in Grams
Unknown substance is Grams
3 Conversion factors required
Given substance is in Grams
Unknown substance is Grams
3 Conversion factors required
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Grams Grams PracticeGrams Grams Practice
CO2 + 2 LiOH Li2CO3 + H2O
How many grams of Lithium hydroxide are required to react with 96 grams of CO2 ?
Given = 96 grams CO2 Unknown = LiOH in grams
CO2 + 2 LiOH Li2CO3 + H2O
How many grams of Lithium hydroxide are required to react with 96 grams of CO2 ?
Given = 96 grams CO2 Unknown = LiOH in grams
96g CO2 X 144g
X2 mol Li(OH)1 mol CO2
X 24g =
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Use this equation for #1-3Use this equation for #1-3
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
1. How many moles of nitrogen (N2) are required to produce 16 moles NH3?
2. How many moles of hydrogen (H2) are required to produce 96.5 grams of NH3?
3. How many grams of NH3 are produced from the reaction of 8 moles of nitrogen?
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
1. How many moles of nitrogen (N2) are required to produce 16 moles NH3?
2. How many moles of hydrogen (H2) are required to produce 96.5 grams of NH3?
3. How many grams of NH3 are produced from the reaction of 8 moles of nitrogen?
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Use this Equation for Questions 1-3
Cu2O + 2HCl 2CuCl + H2O
Use this Equation for Questions 1-3
Cu2O + 2HCl 2CuCl + H2O
1. How many moles of CuCl are produced from 548 grams of Cu2O?
2. How many grams of HCl are required to react with 35 grams of Cu2O?
3. How many moles of CuCl are produced from 5 moles of HCl?
1. How many moles of CuCl are produced from 548 grams of Cu2O?
2. How many grams of HCl are required to react with 35 grams of Cu2O?
3. How many moles of CuCl are produced from 5 moles of HCl?
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ReactantsReactants
Reactions are rarely carried out with exactly the required amounts of each reactant.
Limiting Reactant – the reactant that limits the amounts of the products that can form (It is used up first)
Excess Reactant – the substance that is not used up completely in a reaction.
Reactions are rarely carried out with exactly the required amounts of each reactant.
Limiting Reactant – the reactant that limits the amounts of the products that can form (It is used up first)
Excess Reactant – the substance that is not used up completely in a reaction.
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Consider this. . .Consider this. . .
If you are given one dozen loaves of bread, a gallon of mustard and three pieces of salami, how many salami sandwiches can you make?
Now DECIDE:
What is the limiting reactant?
What is the excess reactant?
If you are given one dozen loaves of bread, a gallon of mustard and three pieces of salami, how many salami sandwiches can you make?
Now DECIDE:
What is the limiting reactant?
What is the excess reactant?
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Determining the Theoretical Yield & Limiting Reactant
Determining the Theoretical Yield & Limiting Reactant
You must do 2 stoichiometry problems.Start each problem with one of the
reactants.The one that produces the least product (in
grams) is the limiting reactant.
EXAMPLECopper reacts with sulfur to form copper ( I
) sulfide. If 10.6 g of copper reacts with 3.83 g S how much product will be formed?
You must do 2 stoichiometry problems.Start each problem with one of the
reactants.The one that produces the least product (in
grams) is the limiting reactant.
EXAMPLECopper reacts with sulfur to form copper ( I
) sulfide. If 10.6 g of copper reacts with 3.83 g S how much product will be formed?
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If 10.6 g of copper reacts with 3.83 g S. How many grams of product will be formed?
2Cu + S Cu2S
If 10.6 g of copper reacts with 3.83 g S. How many grams of product will be formed?
2Cu + S Cu2S
10.6 g Cu 63.55g Cu 1 mol Cu
2 mol Cu 1 mol Cu2S
1 mol Cu2S
159.16 g Cu2S
= 13.3 g Cu2S
3.83 g S 32.06g S 1 mol S
1 mol S 1 mol Cu2S
1 mol Cu2S
159.16 g Cu2S
= 19.0 g Cu2S
= 13.3 g Cu2S
Cu is Limiting Reagent
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Percent YieldsPercent Yields
The amount of product made in a chemical reaction.
There are three typesActual yieldTheoretical yieldPercent yield Percent yield
The amount of product made in a chemical reaction.
There are three typesActual yieldTheoretical yieldPercent yield Percent yield
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Actual yield- what you get in the lab when the chemicals are mixed (actual measured amount you get)
Theoretical yield- what the balanced equation tells you, you should make (max. amount that can be made given perfect conditions – involves calculations).
Percent yield Percent yield – – the ratio of actual yield to the ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield.theoretical yield.Percent yieldPercent yield = Actual x 100 = %
Theoretical
Actual yield- what you get in the lab when the chemicals are mixed (actual measured amount you get)
Theoretical yield- what the balanced equation tells you, you should make (max. amount that can be made given perfect conditions – involves calculations).
Percent yield Percent yield – – the ratio of actual yield to the ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield.theoretical yield.Percent yieldPercent yield = Actual x 100 = %
Theoretical
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Percent Yield Cont.Percent Yield Cont.
Can never be more than 100% First determine the limiting reactant, this will
tell you the theoretical yield. Actual yield will be given to you in the
problem. Then use the Equation:
Percent yieldPercent yield = Actual x 100 = % Theoretical
Can never be more than 100% First determine the limiting reactant, this will
tell you the theoretical yield. Actual yield will be given to you in the
problem. Then use the Equation:
Percent yieldPercent yield = Actual x 100 = % Theoretical
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Example ProblemExample Problem
C6H6 + Cl2 C6H5Cl + HCl
When 36.8 g of C6H6 reacts with 11.5 g of Cl2 what is the limiting reactant and theoretical yield? If the actual yield is of C6H5Cl is 12.0 g what is the percent yield of C6H5Cl?
C6H6 + Cl2 C6H5Cl + HCl
When 36.8 g of C6H6 reacts with 11.5 g of Cl2 what is the limiting reactant and theoretical yield? If the actual yield is of C6H5Cl is 12.0 g what is the percent yield of C6H5Cl?