UNIT 8A & 8B

AP Psychology

Motivation a need or desire that energizes

and directs behavior Instinct

complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

MOTIVATION

Drive-Reduction Theory the idea that a physiological need creates

an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

MOTIVATION

Drive-reducingbehaviors

(eating, drinking)

Need(e.g., for

food, water)

Drive(hunger, thirst)

Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or

constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body

chemistry around a particular level Incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

MOTIVATION

begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied

then higher-level safety needs become active

then psychological needs become active

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s

fullest and unique potential

Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,

achievement, competence,and independence; need for

recognition and respect from others

Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and

predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong

and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation

Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst

Glucose the form of sugar that

circulates in the blood provides the major source of

energy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel

hunger

MOTIVATION: HUNGER

The Brain in Our Gut

Set Point the point at which an individual’s

“weight thermostat” is supposedly set when the body falls below this weight,

an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

Basal Metabolic Rate body’s base rate of energy

expenditure

MOTIVATION:HUNGER

The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

MOTIVATION:HUNGER

Fat: What No One is Telling You

MOTIVATION:HUNGER

Sex a physiologically based motive, like

hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values

Sexual Response Cycle the four stages of sexual responding

described by Masters and Johnson excitement plateau orgasm resolution

SEXUAL MOTIVATION

FORCES AFFECTING SEXUAL MOTIVATION

Sexual Orientation an enduring sexual attraction

toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

SEXUAL MOTIVATION

Flow a completely, involved, focused state of

consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills

Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology the application of psychological

concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

MOTIVATION:AT WORK

What Motivates Us

Personnel Psychology sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses

on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

Organizational Psychology sub-field of I-O psychology that examines

organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

MOTIVATION:AT WORK

360-degree feedback

MOTIVATION:AT WORK

Achievement Motivationa desire for significant accomplishmentfor mastery of things, people, or ideas

for attaining a high standard

MOTIVATION:AT WORK

Task Leadership goal-oriented leadership that sets

standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

Social Leadership group-oriented leadership that builds

teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

MOTIVATION:AT WORK

Theory X assumes that workers are basically lazy,

error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money

workers should be directed from above Theory Y

assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity

MOTIVATION:AT WORK

Emotiona response of the whole organismphysiological arousalexpressive behaviorsconscious experience

EMOTION

Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

JAMES-LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION

Fear(emotion)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological

responses subjective

experience of emotion

CANNON-BARDTHEORY OF EMOTION

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Fear(emotion)

To experience emotion one must: be physically

aroused cognitively

label the arousal

SCHACHTER’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF EMOTION

Cognitivelabel

“I’m afraid”

Fear(emotion)

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

The brain’s shortcut for emotions

COGNITION AND EMOTION

TWO DIMENSIONS OF EMOTION

Positivevalence

Negativevalence

Higharousal

Lowarousal

pleasantrelaxation joy

sadness fearanger

Polygraph machine commonly used in

attempts to detect lies measures several of the

physiological responses accompanying emotion perspiration cardiovascular breathing changes

EMOTION:LIE DETECTORS

Is 70% accuracy good? Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually

guilty test all employees 285 will be wrongly accused

What about 95% accuracy? Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty

test all employees (including 999 innocents)

50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)

EMOTION--LIE DETECTORS

EXPERIENCED EMOTION

Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

EXPERIENCED EMOTION

Catharsis emotional release catharsis hypothesis

“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful

when already in a good mood

EXPERIENCED EMOTION

Subjective Well-Beingself-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

used along with measures of objective well-beingphysical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

EXPERIENCED EMOTION

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon tendency to form judgments relative to

a “neutral” level brightness of lights volume of sound level of income

defined by our prior experience Relative Deprivation

perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

EXPERIENCED EMOTION

HAPPINESS IS...Researchers Have Found ThatHappy People Tend to

Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries)

Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable

Have close friendships or a satisfyingmarriage

Have work and leisure that engagetheir skills

Have a meaningful religious faith

Sleep well and exercise

However, Happiness Seems Not MuchRelated to Other Factors, Such as

Age

Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful)

Education levels

Parenthood (having children or not)

Physical attractiveness

Stress the process by

which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

STRESS AND ILLNESS

STRESS APPRAISAL

Stressful event(tough math test)

Threat(“Yikes! This isbeyond me!”)

Challenge(“I’ve got to apply

all I know”)

Panic, freeze up

Aroused, focused

Appraisal Response

General Adaptation Syndrome Selye’s

concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages

STRESS AND ILLNESS

Stressresistance

Phase 1Alarm

reaction(mobilize

resources)

Phase 2Resistance(cope with stressor)

Phase 3Exhaustion(reservesdepleted)

The body’s resistance to stress canlast only so long before exhaustion sets in

Stressoroccurs

Behavioral Medicine interdisciplinary field that integrates

behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

Health Psychology subfield of psychology that provides

psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

STRESS AND HEALTH

Catastrophic Events earthquakes, combat stress, floods

Life Changes death of a loved one, divorce, loss of

job, promotion Daily Hassles

rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout

STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS

Coronary Heart Diseaseclogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle

leading cause of death in many developed countries

STRESS AND THE HEART

Type A Friedman and Rosenman’s term for

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Type B Friedman and Rosenman’s term for

easygoing, relaxed people

STRESS AND THE HEART

Psychophysiological Illness “mind-body” illness any stress-related physical illness

some forms of hypertension some headaches

distinct from hypochondriasis-- misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

STRESS AND DISEASE

Negative emotions and health-related consequences

STRESS AND DISEASE

Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking,

poor nutrition and sleep)

Persistent stressorsand negative

emotions

Release of stresshormones

Heartdisease

Immunesuppression

Autonomic nervoussystem effects

(headaches,hypertension)

Biofeedback system for

electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state blood pressure muscle tension

PROMOTING HEALTH

Life events

Tendency towardHealth Illness

Personal appraisalChallenge Threat

Personality typeEasy going

NondepressedOptimistic

HostileDepressedPessimistic

Personal habitsNonsmoking

Regular exerciseGood nutrition

SmokingSedentary

Poor nutrition

Level of social supportClose, enduring Lacking

The religion factor is mulitidimensional

PROMOTING HEALTH

Religiousinvolvement

Healthybehaviors

(less smoking,drinking)

Social support(faith

communities,marriage)

Positiveemotions

(less stress,anxiety)

Better health(less immune systemsuppression, stress

hormones, and suicide)

Complementary and Alternative Medicine unproven health care treatments

not taught widely in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companies

PROMOTING HEALTH