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Page 1 of 28 Name: ____________________ AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 10th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Unit 9: Animals & Plants Guided Reading Questions (100 pts total) Chapter 32 – An Overview of Animal Diversity Concept 32.1 – Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers. 1. Define the following terms: a. tissue – b. cleavage – c. blastula – d. gastrulation – e. gastrula – f. larva – g. metamorphosis – 2. Label the diagram below of early embryonic development (See Figure 32.2). Concept 32.2 – The history of animals spans more than half a billion years. 3. What is believed to be the common ancestor of living animals?

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Page 1: Unit 9: Animals & Plants -  · PDF fileAP Biology. Biology, ... Unit 9: Animals & Plants. Guided Reading Questions ... Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange . 1

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Name: ____________________ AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 10th

Edition

Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello

Unit 9: Animals & Plants Guided Reading Questions (100 pts total)

Chapter 32 – An Overview of Animal Diversity Concept 32.1 – Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers. 1. Define the following terms: a. tissue – b. cleavage – c. blastula – d. gastrulation – e. gastrula – f. larva – g. metamorphosis – 2. Label the diagram below of early embryonic development (See Figure 32.2).

Concept 32.2 – The history of animals spans more than half a billion years. 3. What is believed to be the common ancestor of living animals?

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4. What are two hypotheses for the cause of the Cambrian Explosion? Concept 32.3 – Animals can be characterized by “body plans.” 5. Define the following terms with regard to animal body plans. a. body plan – b. radial symmetry – c. bilateral symmetry – d. dorsal – e. ventral – f. anterior – g. posterior – h. germ layers – i. ectoderm – j. endoderm – k. diploblastic – l. mesoderm m. triploblastic – n. body cavity – o. coelom – p. coelomate – q. pseudocoelomate – r. acoelomate –

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6. Color and label the diagram below (Figure 32.9).

7. Color and label the diagram below to compare and contrast the development of protostomes and deuterostomes (Figure 32.10).

8. What is the difference between determinate cleavage, radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage? Concept 32.4 – Views of animal phylogeny continue to be shaped by new molecular and morphological data. 9. What are the 5 points of agreement on animal phylogeny?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 10. Study the phylogeny shown in Figure 32.11. Which phylum is the sister group of Bilateria in this

tree? A. Porifera B. Cnidaria C. Metazoa D. Eumetazoa

Chapter 33 – An Introduction to Invertebrates 1. Using Figure 33.3 and the information in the text, list the distinguishing characteristics and an example

of each major invertebrate phylum.

Phylum Distinguishing Characteristics Example

a. Porifera

b. Cnidaria

c. Acoela

d. Placozoa

e. Ctenophora

Lophotrochozoa

f. Platyhelminthes

g. Ectoprocta

h. Rotifera

i. Brachiopoda

j. Acanthocephela

k. Nemertea

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Phylum Distinguishing Characteristics Example

l. Cycliophora

m. Annelida

n. Mollusca

Ecdysozoa

o. Loricifera

p. Priapula

q. Onychophora

r. Nematoda

s. Tardigrada

t. Arthropoda

Deuterostomia

u. Hemichordata

v. Chordata

w. Echinodermata

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 2. Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? A. Nematoda-roundworms, pseudocoelomate B. Porifera-gastrovascular cavity, coelom present C. Cnidaria-radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms D. Platyhelminthes-flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate

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Chapter 34 – The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates 1. List and briefly describe the four derived characters that all chordates have at some point during their

life.

1.

2.

3.

4. 2. Describe an example of an invertebrate chordate. 3. What features characterize the subphylum Vertebrata? 4. In the evolution of vertebrates, identify the significance of having jaws. 5. Distinguish between the terms oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous.

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6. Outline the key characteristics that distinguish the major branches of the Phylum Chordata identified in the table below. Include examples of organisms in each class.

Chordate Clade Characteristics Examples

a. Cephalochordata

b. Urochordata

c. Myxini

d. Petromyzontida

e. Chondrichthyes

f. Actinopterygii

g. Actinistia

h. Dipnoi

i. Amphibia

j. Reptilia

k. Mammalia

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AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 7. According to this phylogenetic tree, the animals most closely related to mammals are _____. A. reptiles B. amphibians C. ray-finned fishes D. sharks, rays, and chimeras Chapter 40 - Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function 1. Label the diagram of the internal exchange surfaces (Figure 40.4). 2. Study Figure 40.5 and define the following: a. tissues - b. epithelial tissues - c. connective tissues - d. muscle tissues - e. nervous tissues -

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3. How are the tissues arranged into organs and then into organ systems? Explain this using the digestive system as an example.

4. Define and explain the following: a. thermoregulation – b. endothermic - c. ectothermic - 5. Label the diagram explaining bioenergetics in animals (Figure 40.18).

6. What is metabolic rate and how is it determined? List three influences on metabolic rate.

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AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 7. Which mode of thermoregulation is due to a change in behavior and results in warming? A. An elephant rolls in the mud and sprays dust over its back. B. A falcon migrates from San Francisco to Brazil for the winter. C. A man puts on a wide-brimmed hat while laboring in the sunshine. D. Sweat oozes from the hide of a thirsty antelope in the drought-stricken Serengeti plains. Chapter 41 - Animal Nutrition 1. Define the following terms: a. ingestion – b. digestion – c. enzymatic hydrolysis – d. absorption – e. elimination – 2. Define the following types of animal feeding mechanisms and give an example of an animal that uses

each mechanism (Figure 41.6):

Definition Example a. filter – b. substrate – c. fluid – d. bulk – 3. Contrast intracellular and extracellular digestion.

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4. Label the schematic diagram of the human digestive system (Figure 41.9). Be sure to indicate the accessory glands and list their functions below.

a. salivary glands – b. gallbladder – c. liver – d. pancreas - AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 5. After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict

dietary intake of A. fat. B. sugar. C. starch. D. protein.

Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. Why is gas exchange essential to all living organisms? 2. What are the limits to diffusion as a means of transport for living organisms? Considering the rate of

diffusion, why is it essential for respiratory surfaces to maximize surface area? 3. Contrast open and closed circulatory systems. Be certain focus on advantages of each.

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4. Contrast the vertebrate circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, and mammals (Figure 42.4). What is the advantage of double circulation?

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 5. One feature that amphibians and mammals have in common is

A. the number of heart chambers. B. the number of circuits for circulation. C. a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit. D. a complete separation of circuits for circulation.

Chapter 43 – The Immune System 1. Complete the diagram below (Figure 43.2) and answer the question. Question: Briefly describe the process of phagocytosis by macrophages.

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2. Describe the function of the following cell types: a. neutrophil – b. macrophage – c. dendritic cell – d. natural killer cell – e. mast cell – f. T cell – g. B cell – h. effector cell – i. plasma cell – j. memory cell – k. helper T cell – l. antigen-presenting cell – m. cytotoxic T cell – 3. Define the following terms: a. antigen – b. antigen receptor – c. epitope – d. antibody – e. major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule –

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4. Label the diagram below concerning clonal selection of B cells (Figure 43.14): 5. Compare the primary immune response with the secondary immune response. 6. Differentiate between the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated immune response. 7. Contrast active and passive immunity.

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8. Label the following overview of the adaptive immune response (Figure 43.20): 9. How do antibodies to foreign blood groups of the ABO blood group system come to exist in the body? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 10. ___________ is/are exaggerated, hypersensitive responses to certain antigens, or allergens. A. Allergies

B. Antibiotics C. Anaphylactic shock D. The inflammatory response

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Chapter 44 - Osmoregulation and Excretion

1. Define the following terms: a. osmoregulation – b. excretion – c. osmolarity – 2. What are the three forms that animals use to dispose of nitrogenous waste? (Figure 44.7) 3. Use the diagram on the right (Figure 44.8) to label and define filtration,

reabsorption, secretion and excretion – be very clear on their meanings. a. filtration - b. reabsorption - c. secretion – d. excretion - AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 4. Which of these is the most accurate and comprehensive description of the function of kidneys? A. production of urine B. filtration of the blood C. the excretion of wastes D. the regulation of body fluid composition

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Chapter 45 - Hormones and the Endocrine System 1. What is a hormone? What are the 3 major classes of molecules that function as hormones? (Figure 45.4) 2. What constitutes the endocrine system and what are its functions? 3. Label the diagram (Figure 45.5) to review basics of signal transduction pathways and answer the

question below. Question: How can one chemical signal molecule cause multiple effects? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 4. Which of the following is not an accurate statement? A. Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops. B. Hormones of the same chemical class always have the same function.

C. Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in endocrine glands. D. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory system.

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Chapter 48 – Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling 1. What are the functions of the following? a. sensory neurons – b. interneurons – c. motor neurons – d. glial cells - 2. Label the diagram of neurons below and explain the function of neurotransmitters (Figure 48.2).

Explanation:

3. Distinguish between the following systems central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous

system (PNS).

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4. Study Figure 48.16. If all the Ca2+ in the fluid surrounding a neuron were removed, how would this affect the transmission of information within and between the neurons?

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 5. An action potential is a A. a sudden reversal of the sodium-potassium pump. B. a sudden increase in speed by the sodium-potassium pump. C. a traveling wave of depolarization in the neuron membrane. D. a brief neutralization of the charges on sodium and potassium ions. Chapter 50 - Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 1. Label the following diagram to explain muscle contraction from the nerve all the way to the roles of

actin and myosin (Figure 50.30).

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2. Contrast the role of Ca2+ in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber and a smooth muscle cell. 3. Distinguish between a hydrostatic skeleton, an exoskeleton, and an endoskeleton. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 4. Why is having a hydrostatic skeleton, rather than an internal skeleton, more advantageous to an

earthworm? A. Actually, earthworms do not have a skeleton. B. Having a hydrostatic skeleton means that having muscles is not a requirement for movement. C. Having an internal skeleton would not allow the fine movements an earthworm uses when it moves. D. Having a hydrostatic skeleton allows the earthworm to use peristaltic motion to move over the

substrate. Chapter 29 – Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 1. List the three traits that land plants share with charophytes. Then, list the five derived traits that

appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes (Figure 29.3). 1. 2. 3.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2. Label the diagram to explain plant evolution in broad terms and answer the question (Figure 29.2).

Question: What resource did plants find a way to conserve as they moved onto land?

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3. What general characteristics could you infer about plants that lack vascular tissue? What general characteristics could you infer about plants that have a vascular system?

Non-vascular: Vascular: 4. What is the alternative dispersal mechanism other than a seed? 5. As you read about plant life cycles consider these questions: Is the gametophyte dependent on the

sporophyte? Is the sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte? Does the organism spend a greater part of the life cycle as haploid or diploid? After you have done this, label the generic diagram to explain Alternation of Generations in plants.

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6. Define the following terms: a. xylem – b. tracheids - c. lignin - d. phloem - e. roots - f. leaves - AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 7. Three of the following are evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants.

Which one is NOT? A. similar sperm structure B. the presence of chloroplasts C. genetic similarities in chloroplasts D. similarities in cell wall formation during cell division

Chapter 30 - Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 1. Define the following terms: a. seed – b. integument - c. ovule – d. pollen grain – e. pollination – 2. What are the evolutionary advantages to seed formation? 3. Study Figure 30.4. What type of cell division occurs as a megaspore develops into a female gametophyte?

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4. Define the following terms: a. flower – b. sepal – c. petal – d. stamen – e. filament – f. anther – g. carpel – h. stigma – i. style – j. ovary – k. fruit – l. embryo sac – m. cross-pollination – n. micropyle – o. double fertilization – p. cotyledon – q. endosperm – r. monocot - s. dicot – t. eudicot –

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5. How do we now know that monocot and dicot classification of angiosperms does not completely reflect the evolution of these plants? What is the newer classification system?

6. Define “coevolution.” How does the development of angiosperms and animals in the same time frame

meet the definition of coevolution? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 7. Besides the plant tissue that humans ingest, which angiosperm tissue is most directly important

for human survival? A. bark B. cones C. xylem D. phloem

Chapter 35 - Plant Structure, Growth, and Development 1. List the three basic plant organs with their functions.

1.

2.

3.

2. List four types of leaves and examples of their functions (Figure 35.7).

1.

2.

3.

4.

3. List and indicate functions of the three different tissues systems that connect all of a plant’s organs.

1.

2.

3.

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4. Give a brief description of the following: a. xylem – b. phloem – c. parenchyma – d. collenchyma – e. sclerenchyma – f. epidermis - 5. Describe the function and importance of stomata. 6. Roots and stems grow indeterminately, but leaves do not. How might this benefit a plant? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 7. Plants increase in size in two distinct ways, growth and cell expansion. Which of the following

accounts for about 90% of a plant cell’s increase in size? A. water stored in the nucleus B. water uptake stored in various small vacuoles C. additional organic material stored in vacuoles D. water uptake that is stored in a large central vacuole

Chapter 36 – Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants 1. These terms are a review, but also very critical to know to understand the transportation of nutrients in

vascular plants. Define these terms. a. passive transport – b. active transport – c. transport proteins – d. osmosis – e. water potential – f. solute potential – g. pressure potential – h. turgor pressure -

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2. Why is long-distance transport important for vascular plants? 3. Explain the process of transpiration in your own words and describe how it affects the transportation of

minerals and water. Label the diagram to support your explanation.

Explanation:

4. How do stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration? What are some factors that could possibly

stimulate the opening and closing of stomata? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 5. What keeps the force of gravity from overcoming transpirational pull?

A. upward pressure from the roots B. high water pressure in the leaves C. movement of water toward a sugar sink D. cohesion and adhesion of water molecules

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Chapter 37 – Soil and Plant Nutrition 1. Some lawn mowers collect grass clippings. What is a drawback of this with respect to plant nutrition? 2. Define the following terms: a. nitrogen cycle – b. nitrogen fixation – c. nodules - d. mycorrhizae – AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 3. Soil can easily become deficient in _____, because these ions are negatively charged and do not

stick to negatively charged soil particles. A. nitrate B. calcium C. potassium D. magnesium

Chapter 38 - Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology 1. Label the diagram of an idealized flower (Figure 38.2).

2. Sketch and label a dicot and monocot seed and answer the question that follows.

monocot seed dicot seed Question: What does a seed need in order to germinate?

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3. Identify some asexual mechanisms for plant reproduction. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 4. After fertilization, the _____ develops into a seed and the _____ develops into a fruit.

A. egg … ovary B. ovule … ovary C. ovary … ovule D. pollen grain … ovule

Chapter 39 – Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals 1. What does auxin typically do when it is found in low concentrations? 2. Define the following terms: a. tropism – b. phototropism – c. photoperiodism – d. gravitropism – e. thigmotropism – 3. How are statoliths thought to be involved in root gravitropism? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 4. Auxin enhances cell elongation in all of these ways EXCEPT

A. gene activation. B. cell wall loosening. C. increased uptake of solutes. D. acid-induced denaturation of cell wall proteins.