Unit I: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Written Response #1: Read the passage and explain what happened to Kati at the London Marathon.

• In 2007, Kati Mori took part in the London Marathon – her fourth, and the hottest on record, with temperatures peaking at 75 F. Conscious of the repeated advice to maintain fluid intake, she took frequent drinks at the water stations along the route.

• By the 18th mile, Kati felt bad but was determined to finish, Near the end, she needed help from other runners to stay upright; hours later she was in the hospital, suffering from severe diarrhea, headache, vomiting and increasing confusion, with her legs endlessly mimicking a running motion. “I thought I was still in the marathon,” she says.

What is Anatomy and Physiology?

• Anatomy: the study of the shape and structure of an organism

• Physiology: the study of the functions of each body part and how the body parts work together

Branches of Anatomy

• Gross anatomy: study of the large and easily observable structures

• Microscopic anatomy: cytology (study of cells) and histology (study of tissues)

• Developmental anatomy: studies growth and development of organisms during its lifetime; embryology

• Comparative anatomy: studies the differences between organisms

• Systematic anatomy: studies the structure and function of various organs; dermatology, endrocinology, neurology

Levels of Organization

Characteristics of Living Things

1. Movement: self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts

2. Responsiveness: Ability to sense changes and react to them

3. Growth: increase in body size

4. Reproduction: Parents produce offspring (passing DNA to new individuals)

5. Respiration: Obtaining oxygen (O2) and using it to release energy from food substances, and getting rid of wastes

Characteristics of Living Things

6. Digestion: Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of wastes

7. Absorption: Passage of Digested products (food substances) through membranes and into body fluids

8. Circulation: Movement of substances throughout the body

9. Assimilation: Changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances

10. Excretion: Removal of wastes

Written Responses #2-3• Written Response #2:

• Why do beans make you fart?

• Written Response #3• Which life processes that we

discussed are shown in this video clip?

• https://vimeo.com/103721959

Written Response #4

• Review the list of life processes and consider Kati Mori’s symptoms from WR #1

• Choose three of the processes that you think might be related.

Metabolism

• Metabolism: all of the chemical changes that occur in the body to maintain life.• Ultimately all of these

processes require energy

• Written Response #5: How do we obtain energy?

Bodily Needs

• Bodily needs: food, oxygen, water, heat and atmospheric pressure

• Written Response #6: How long can you live without these bodily needs?

Written Response #6

• How long can you live without these bodily needs?• Rules of “3’s”: 3 minutes without air, 3 days without

water, and 3 weeks without food.• Heat: Depends on the conditions.

• Most humans will suffer hyperthermia after 10 minutes in extremely humid, 140° Fahrenheit (60° Celsius) heat. Cold temperatures are harder to determine (too many factors involved) but a person will die when their body temperature reaches 70° Fahrenheit.

• Atmospheric Pressure: we pass out when pressure drops below 57% of atmospheric pressure and die without an oxygen mask above 26,000 feet (5 miles).

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis: tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced, internal environment.

• Written Response #7: Energy is required to keep the body in working order. Where does this energy come from?

Interpreting Graphics – Handout

• Get a handout from the front table.

• Complete independently.

Negative Feedback Loop

• How does a negative feedback loop maintain homeostasis?• Receptors: detect certain environmental parameters

within the body such as temperature, information is relayed to the brain

• Set point: the normal range that an environmental parameter is to be controlled

• Effectors: muscle or glands that respond to deviation from the set point. Glands might initiate sweating to cool the body back to its set point.

Positive Feedback Loop

• How does a positive feedback loop maintain homeostasis?• As the baby suckles on the

nipple there is a nerve response into the spinal cord and up to the brain, which then stimulates the pituitary gland to produce more prolactin to produce more milk

• Positive feedback loops amplify or increase the occurrence of events.

Back to Kati…

• When Kati arrived at the hospital and doctors began to collect information, they discovered that she weighed 128 lbs. Oddly, when she checked in to the race, she weighed 126 lbs.• The doctor suggests that

Kati might have “hyponatremia.”

• Written Response 8: What do you think that is?

What is Hyponatremia?

• In cases of water intoxication, it is extreme hyponatremia that can ultimately cause coma and death. The doctor orders a drug that increases urination. Kati is able to clear the extra water from her body and recovers.

• Written Response 9: How does Kati’s story relate to homeostasis? Which of the 10 life processes were compromised in Kati’s situation?

Body Farm Article – Handout

1. In your notebook label the activity in bold “Body Farm”.

2. Read the article, and complete the questions related to the article in your notebook.

3. Once you have finished, I will check you off to ensure you have completed the assignment.

Organ System Overview

• Integumentary• Forms the external body

covering

• Protects deeper tissue from injury

• Synthesizes vitamin D

• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Organ System Overview

• Skeletal• Protects and supports

body organs

• Provides muscle attachment for movement

• Site of blood cell formation

• Stores minerals

Organ System Overview

• Muscular• Allows locomotion

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

Organ System Overview

• Nervous• Fast-acting control

system

• Responds to internal and external change

• Activates muscles and glands

Organ System Overview

• Endocrine• Secretes regulatory

hormones• Growth

• Reproduction

• Metabolism

Organ System Overview

• Cardiovascular• Transports materials in

body via blood pumped by heart• Oxygen

• Carbon dioxide

• Nutrients

• Wastes

Organ System Overview

• Lymphatic• Returns fluids to blood

vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Involved in immunity

Organ System Overview

• Respiratory• Keeps blood supplied

with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

Organ System Overview

• Digestive• Breaks down food

• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible material

Organ System Overview

• Urinary• Eliminates nitrogenous

wastes

• Maintains acid – base balance

• Regulation of materials• Water

• Electrolytes

Organ System Overview

• Reproductive• Production

of offspring

Body Systems Concept Map -Handout

Body Farm Article – Handout

1. Finish the assignment that we ended with yesterday: “Body Farm” article

Written Response #10: How does each of the organ systems help maintain homeostasis?

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Digestive

7. Circulatory

8. Lymphatic

9. Urinary

10. Reproductive

Membranes

• Serous membrane: two layers, covers organs• Outer layer = parietal membrane

• Inner layer = visceral (lines the organs) membrane

• Serous fluid: lubricating fluid

Membranes

• Pleura: lungs

• Pericardium: heart

• Peritoneum: organs (abdominopelvic region)

Visceral and Parietal Membrane

• Visceral and Parietal always mean the same thing.• Visceral points toward the guts

• Parietal points toward the outside• Visceral Pleura

• Parietal Pleura

• Visceral Pericardium

• Parietal Pericardium

• Visceral Peritoneum

• Parietal Peritoneum

HEART

INTESTINES

LUNGS

General Organization of the Body

• Axial portion: head, neck, trunk

• Appendicular portion: arms and legs

1. Several body cavities and layers of membranes within cavities

2. Variety of organs and organ system within cavities (Viscera = internal so “visceral organs” = internal organs

Body Cavities

• Dorsal: back side• Ventral: front side• Thoracic: chest (heart,

trachea, lungs..)• Abdomen: stomach area

(spleen, intestines)• Pelvic: lower abdomen

(bladder, reproductive organs)

• Diaphragm: separates the thoracic and abdomen region

Written Response #11:

• Using your device, identify major organs in the following body cavities:• Thoracic

• Pericardial

• Pleural

• Abdominal

• Pelvic

• Peritoneal

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

• Written Response #12: • Using your device:

1. Identify major organs in each of the abdominopelvic cavities.

Body Cavities Labeling - Handout

Ventral View Lateral View

Quizlet: Body Cavities

Anatomical Position

• Anatomical Position:• standing erect

• face forward

• arms at side

• palms facing forward

Anatomic Terminology

• Superior• Inferior• Anterior• Posterior• Medial• Lateral• Proximal• Distal• Superficial• Deep

Relative Positions - Handout

• Complete assignment.

• Make sure I check you off.

• Glue or Tape into your notebook.

Describe the body region each of these terms refer to in your notebook:

Term Description Term Description Term Description

1. Abdominal 2. Acromial 3. Antebrachial

4. Antecubital 5. Axillary 6. Brachial

7. Buccal 8. Carpal 9. Celiac

10. Cephalic 11. Cervical 12. Costal

13. Coxal 14. Crural 15. Cubital

16. Digital 17. Dorsal 18. Femoral

19. Frontal 20. Genital 21. Gluteal

22. Inguinal 23. Lumbar 24. Mammary

25. Mental 26. Nasal 27. Occipital

28. Oral 29. Orbital 30.Otic

31. Palmar 32. Patellar 33. Pectoral

34. Pedal 35. Pelvic 36. Perineal

37. Plantar 38. Popliteal 39. Sacral

40. Sternal 41. Tarsal 42. Umbilical

43. Vertebral 44. Calcaneal 45. Deltoid

Body Planes

• Frontal plane: cuts body into front and rear sections

• Sagittal plane: cuts body into side sections• Midsagittal (median)

plane: cuts body directly in half

• Transverse (horizontal) plane: cuts body into top and body sections

What kind of cut is this?

Body Regions - Handout

1. Body Regions Labeling – Label the body regions diagram and glue/tape into your notebook on the page next to your chart.

Other Regions by Name

Body Regions - Poster

• Get into groups of three

• Trace one member of your group onto a large piece of paper.

• Label the body regions on your traced person in as much detail as possible.

Spread of Disease - Activity

Careers in Medicine

• There are tons of careers, some of them only require a short term of training. What are your goals?• See Explore Health Careers

• Project: Health Careers Project

• Classwork / Homework: Medical and Applied Science – Handout.