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The Neuroscience of Music in Therapy Course Objectives Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation Basic Divisions • Central Nervous System • Brain • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Subcortical structures • Brainstem • Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous Sys. • Two Divisions: • Somatic • Autonomic • Cranial Nerves • Spinal Nerves • Sensory Receptors

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Page 1: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

The Neuroscience of Music in Therapy

Course Objectives

Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information

Unit II. Music in the Brain; Why Music Works

Unit III. Considerations for Populations

a. Rehabilitation

b. Habilitation

Basic Divisions

• Central Nervous System

• Brain

• Cerebrum

• Cerebellum

• Subcortical structures

• Brainstem

• Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous Sys.

• Two Divisions:

• Somatic

• Autonomic

• Cranial Nerves

• Spinal Nerves

• Sensory Receptors

Page 2: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Somatic NS

• Functions under voluntary control

• Motor Actions (Efferent or Descending)

• Cortex

• Brainstem

• Motor Nuclei (of Cranial Nerves)

• Periphery

Autonomic NS

• Parasympathetic NS

• cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glandular tissue

• Sympathetic NS

• Body’s response to stress (fight-flight-freeze)

• Maintain homeostasis

Message Transmission

• Neurons

• Process and transmit cellular signals

• Electrochemical signals

• Afferent and Efferent Signals

• Communicate with other neurons

Parts of Neuron

• Dendrite (transmits info. toward soma)

• Soma (cell body)

• Axon (transmits info. away from soma)

• Axon Terminal (transmits info to receiving unit)

Page 3: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Neuron Function

• Excitation

• Increases activity

• Creates action potentials

• Inhibition

• Reduces Activity

• Stops action potentialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Neuron-no_labels.png

Dendrite

Soma Myelin Sheath

Axon Terminal

Nodes of Ranvier

Matter

• Grey Matter

• Neuron cell bodies

• White Mater

• Tracts

Motor Tracts

HendelmanPages 120 -

146

Page 4: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Related Disabilities

• Fragile X syndrome

• Undeveloped dendritic spines

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

• Degeneration of motor neurons

• Multiple Sclerosis

• Demyelination of axons

Lobes

• Frontal - Conscious Thought, impulse control, socialization, motor function, language production, etc...

• Parietal - integrating sensory information, some visio-spacial processing

• Occipital - Visual Processing

• Temporal - Auditory and olfactory, face processing, memory function

Lateral View: Henry Gray (1825–1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

Coloring Image 1

Page 5: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Prominent Areas You should Be Familiar With

• Primary Motor Area

• Basal Ganglia

• Cerebellum

• Broca’s Area & Wernicke's Area

• Brainstem

• Auditory Cortex

• Limbic Areas

Motor Production

• Primary motor area

• Somatotopically mapped

• Supplementary motor area

• Anterior to primary motor area

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_homunculus

Page 6: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Motor Pathway (pyramidal)

HendelmanPages 120 -

146

Related Disabilities

• Upper motor neuron disabilities

• Cerebral Palsy

• Cerebrovascular Accident

• Damage to motor area/tracts

Basal Ganglia

• Large collection of gray matter within the hemispheres

• Corpus striatum (putamen, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens)

• Globus Pallidus

• Subthalamic Nucleus

• Substantia Nigra Basal GangliaHendelman

Pages 66-84

Page 7: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Basal Ganglia “Loop”

Cortex

!Striatum

!GP/Subst Nigra

!Thalamus

!Cortex

Cortex

Basal Ganglia Thalamus

Cerebellum

HendelmanPages 146 - 154

Cerebellum

• Involved in:

• Coordination and timing of movement

• Balance and equilibrium of muscle tone

• Thought to have other functions, but not clearly understood

Cerebellar Loop

Cortex!pons!cerebellum!dentate nucleus!thalamus!cortex

Cortex

Brain Stem

Thalamus

Cerebellum

Page 8: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Thalamus

• Process and relays sensory information

• Has divisions for different functions (i.e, area for speech)

• Involved in circuit with Basal Ganglia

Location of Thalamus

HendelmanPg 170 -

171

Related Motor Disabilities

• Basal Ganglia Disorders

• Parkinson’s Disease

• Huntington’s Disease

• Cerebellar Disorders

• Ataxic Dysarthria

• Autism

Broca’s Area

• Broca’s Area

• Inferior Frontal Gyrus

• Typically left side specific

• Pars opercularis

• Pars triangularis

• Propositional speech

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Free License Commons

Wernicke’s Area

• Wernicke’s Area

• Posterior superior temporal gyrus

• Typically Left Hemisphere

• Language Comprehension and production

• Arcuate fasciculus

• Thought to connects Broca’s and Wernicke's

• Extreme Capsule

• Debated to connect Broca’s and Wernicke’s

Arcuate Fasiculus/ Extreme Capsule

Page 10: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Disorders related to Speech Areas

• Fluent Aphasia

• Non-fluent Aphasia

• Global Aphasia

Coloring Page #2

Brainstem

• Descending and ascending tracts pass through the brainstem

• Plays a role in regulating life functions (cardiac & respiratory)

• Location of cranial nerves III - XII

• Pages 171 - 197Location of BrainStem

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

Page 11: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Cranial Nerves• III Oculomotor (motor)

• IV Trochlear (motor)

• V Trigeminal (Sensory and motor)

• VI Abducens (motor)

• VII Facial (sensory and motor)

• VIII Vestibulocochlear (sensory)

• IX Glossopharyngeal (sensory and motor)

• X Vagus (sensory and motor)

• XI Accessory (motor)

• XII Hypoglossal (motor)

Related Disabilities

• Brainstem Motor Nuclei Damage

• Paralysis

A.K.A. Auditory Cortex

Superior Temporal Gyrus Auditory Pathway

Pg 100 - 106,Animation on

Disk

Page 12: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Basic Path

• Cochlea

• Spiral Ganglion

• Cochlear Nuclei

• Superior Olivary Complex (bilateral)

• Inferior Colliculus

• Thalamus

• Auditory Cortex (Temporal Lobe)

Coloring Page #2

We’ve come this far...

• A few other “inner” structures

• Corpus Callosum

• Lateral Ventricle

• Amygdala

• Nucleus Accumbens

• Hippocampus Not pictured:Amygdala

Nucleus Accumbens

Page 13: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

http://lecerveau.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_cr/i_03_cr_que/i_03_cr_que_1a.jpg

Fun with Brains

• MIT Free Courses:• http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-

sciences/

• An Interactive Brain:• http://www.healthline.com/human-body-

maps/brain• PBS Brain:

• http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/3d/

Course Objectives

Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information

Unit II. Music in the Brain; Why Music Works

Unit III. Considerations for Populations

a. Rehabilitation

b. Habilitation Music & the Brain

Page 14: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Historically

• It was thought that music was a function of the right hemisphere

• Language was a left-hemisphere function

• Now known to be an oversimplification

• Musical processing involves numerous areas of the cortex

Right-Brained?

“It is now known that music listening, performing, and composing engage regions throughout the brain, bilaterally, and in the cortex, neocortex, paleo-, and neocerebellum”

(Levitin & Tirovolas, 2009, p. 214)

Music Engages The

• Bilateral cortex

• Subcortex

• Brainstem

• Cerebellum

Cortex

CerebellumBrainstem

Music Engages The

• Bilateral cortex

• Subcortex

• Brainstem

• Cerebellum

Subcortex

Page 15: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Seung et al. 2005Inner Structures:

Hippocampus, Amygdala, Basal GangliaNucleus Accumbens, Corpus Callosum

Hemispheric Differences

• Most processes are distributed across both hemispheres

• Research has shown that there is hemispheric dominance for some functions

Right Hemisphere Dominance

• Recognition of pitch and timbre

• Representation of melodies (error detection)

• Music Performance

• Emotional response to music

• Music memory (Peretz 2009)

Page 16: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Left HemisphereDominance

• Rhythmic skills

• Sight-reading

• Naming notes, intervals and chords

• Learning music

• Lyric memorization

Perception of Rhythm: Well-Cited Areas

• Basal Ganglia (Janata & Grafton 2003; Levitin & Tirovolas, 2009)

• Premotor Cortex (Chen et al. 2008; Halsband et al. 1993)

• Supplementary Motor Area (Chen et al. 2008; Halsband et al. 1993; Levitin & Tirovolas, 2009)

• Cerebellum (Chen et al. 2008; Janata & Grafton 2003; Levitin & Tirovolas, 2009)

During Tempo Tasks

Grahn, J.A. and McAuley, J.D. 2009. Grahn & Brett, 2007

Page 17: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Integrated Processing

• Pitch, rhythm, and loudness are thought to be processed separately and then come together

• Give the impression of a complete musical product (Levitin 2009).

• Studies with persons who have had neurologic insult support this theory (see Peretz 2005)

Stay At Home #1

• Music processing and production is distributed throughout the brain

Left Right

X

Stay At Home #2

• Extended Cortical Networks

Page 18: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Evidence of Plasticity

• Can change response in left anterior hippocampus (Herdener 2010)

• Sensorimotor connectivity (Pasual-Leone 2001)

• Perception-Action Mediation (Bengtsson et al. 2009)

• Auditory cortex with sensorimotor-auditory training (Pantev 2009)

• Differences in auditory cortex (Trainer et al. 2012) Arcuate Fasiculus/ Extreme Capsule

Arcuate Fasiculus/ Extreme Capsule

Stay At Home #3

• Cortical plasticity

Page 19: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Malcolm et al., 2008 Stay At Home #4

• Entrainment

Auditory System

• Deals with temporal information

• Is primed for time-based information

• Is highly effective and efficient in processing temporal information

Conway, 2009

Auditory Scaffolding Theory

• Proposes that the brain assigns temporal information predominantly to the auditory system

• Auditory system is specialized and highly sensitive for perceiving time information.

• Auditory tone sequences are better tracked and remembered than other stimuli

Conway 2009

Page 20: Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information Unit II. Music in ... · PDF fileMusic in the Brain; Why Music Works Unit III. Considerations for Populations a. Rehabilitation b. Habilitation

Auditory Scaffolding Theory

• Since many cognitive abilities require complex temporal organization, experiences in sound may provide a kind of “scaffolding”

• Used in re-training general cognitive abilities that involve temporal patterns or structure.

• Music may provide a superior auditory ‘scaffold’

Auditory Scaffolding Cont.

• Music is highly temporal and predictable

• May provide enhanced auditory scaffolding experience

• Aid in more efficient/optimized rehabilitation and learning

Stay At Home #5

• Auditory Scaffolding

Supporting Music Neuroscience

• Music is cortically distributed

• Music perception/production shares cortical networks with similar nonmusical tasks

• Musical processes can be maintained despite loss of similar nonmusical process

• Music can drive functions despite cortical damage (i.e., rhythmic entrainment and motor movement)

• The brain that engages in music is changed by engaging in music