unit ii(research project management)

8/2/2019 Unit II(Research Project Management)

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Primary Data

The Reliability of managerial decisions depends on the qualityof data and the quality of the data depends upon the usage of

a suitable data collection method. Data can be classified intoprimary and secondary data.

Primary data are those which are collected afresh(again but ina new or different way) and for the first time and thus happento be original in character and known as Primary data.

Primary Data is based on primary source of information.

The investigator gets it in original or raw form i.e. it is not beenprocessed earlier- coded, tabulated, classified andsummarized in some form for use by someone for somepurpose.


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The data which is collected from the field

under the control and supervision of an

investigator is known as primary data.

For ex. Data of a study to determine the

infrastructure facilities of educational

institutions in a city.

Data of a study to determine the morale of

the employees in a company.


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Advantages and Disadvantages of Primary data

Collection of primary data by sending and collecting schedules and

questionnaires through post is less expensive and can be completed in

shorter time.

It is more valid, reliable and relevant as compared to secondary data since

the researcher has full control over what is to be collected, from where it

is to be collected etc.

Disadvantages

It is time consuming in case of personal survey where an enumerator is

sent to each and every person in order to get the questionnaires filled.

It is expensive since enumerators are to be hired, trained and cost isinvolved in preparing questionnaire or schedule.


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Secondary Data

Secondary data means that are already available that is theyrefer to the data, which have already been collected andanalyzed by someone else for its own use and later the samedata is used by a different user or person.

It is based on secondary source of information. The source of data is called secondary because this data have

already been collected, tabulated and presented in some formby someone else for some purpose.

Data which is collected from journals, magazines,government

publications, annual reports of companies etc is calledsecondary data.


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Data may be primary for one agency, may besecondary for the other and vice-versa.

For Example, the number of deaths and birthregistered by a government office clerk constitutePrimary data while the same be secondary data for

a student doing demographic research.

Thus, we can say primary data is useful for currentstudies as well as for further studies.


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ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY

DATA

It is economical-The amount of money spent in acquiring secondary data

is generally less than that needed to obtain primary data. The various

secondary data from libraries can be obtained at no cost.

Quickness-Secondary data is instant since it already exists and merely

needs to be discovered. Thus the time in collecting secondary data is

largely search time and usually requires few hours or few days.

Disadvantages

Relevance- The data may not fit into the needs of current investigation. It

may not be related to the area of present enquiry or it may pertain to

some other period of time. In case of secondary data the researcher has no control over the data that

is collected since it is being collected by someone else. Therefore , the

accuracy and reliability of the collected data can be questioned.


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Difference between Primary and Secondary Data

Primary Data Secondary Data

Primary Data are collectedOriginally.

Collected by the investigator

himself. Collected by the investigator

according to the object of thesurvey.

It is time consuming to collectprimary data.

A primary data needs moreprecaution at the time ofcollection but less at the timeof its use.

Secondary Data are alreadyavailable and thus these arenot original.

Collected by some otherperson.

Used and Adjusted by theperson according to theobject.

Less Time Consuming.

A Secondary Data needs lessprecaution at the time ofcollection but more at thetime of its use.


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Difference Between Primary and Secondary Data

Primary Data Secondary Data

A primary data, after a use

is converted into a

secondary data. A primary data is collected

for the first time by an

investigator or agency who

makes use of the data for

the first time.

A Primary data is in the

shape of raw material.

A Secondary data can never beconverted into a primary data.

A Secondary data is collectedfor the second or anysubsequent time by aninvestigator who makes use ofthe data for any subsequenttime.

A secondary data is in theshape of either work-in-progress or finished goodscapable of further processing.


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Questionnaire

A questionnaire is a document that contains a set of questionsprinted or typed in a proper sequence.

The Questionnaire is a list of questions to be asked from therespondents. It also contains a suitable space where the answers

can be recorded. The term Questionnaire refers to a self-administered process where

by the respondent himself reads the question and records his answerwithout the assistance of an interviewer.

The questionnaire is sent to each individual who is supposed to

answer it with a request to answer the questions and return thequestionnaire.

Questionnaires are a popular means of collecting data, but aredifficult to design and often require many rewrites before anacceptable questionnaire is produced.


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Questionnaire

Advantages:

Can be posted, e-mailed orfaxed.

Can cover a large number ofpeople .

Wide geographic coverage. Relatively cheap. No prior arrangements are

needed. Respondents are allowed to

answer the questions according

to their own views andunderstanding. Enough time to answer the

questions.

Disadvantages:

Time consuming. Questions have to be relatively

simple. Time delay while waiting for

responses to be returned. Assumes no literacy problems. Not possible to give assistance if

required. Problems with incomplete

questionnaires or Non-responseon the part of respondents.

The control over the questionnaireis lost once it is sent.

It is difficult to know whetherrespondents are trulyrepresentative.


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Generalized Steps for Designing Questionnaire

In order to collect Primary data various kinds of surveys can be conducted.The success of such survey methods depends upon the strength of thequestionnaire used. A Questionnaire consists of a set of well formulatedquestions to motivate and obtain responses from respondents.

Though there is a variation in the form and content ofquestionnaires from problem to problem, the generalized steps of

designing a questionnaire are:(I ) Deciding on the information requiredA Researcher does not start by writing questions. The first step is to

decide 'what are the things one needs to know from therespondent in order to meet the survey's objectives?' .In order to

have an idea about the kind of information to be collected, theresearcher should be aware of what work has been done on thesame or similar problems in the past, what factors have not yetbeen examined etc.


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(II) Formulation of Questions and Format

Once the researcher knows what information is required then theresearcher can formulate necessary questions in order to meet outthe surveys objectives. While formulating a question, its content

should be such that each respondent grasps the intention of thequestion as originally thought by the researcher. Also, the format ofeach question i.e different types of questions to be used should bedecided.

There are three different types of questions:

a) Open-ended Questions: In these type of questions the respondent isasked to give a reply to a question in his/her own words. Noanswers are suggested. These are also known as unstructured

questions.


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For ex. What is your overall opinion about Invertis asaUniversity?

Open-ended questions have a number of advantages whenutilised in a questionnaire:

They allow the respondent to answer in his own words, withno influence by any specific alternatives suggested by theinterviewer.

These questions may bring even such answers which are notknown to the researcher.

Open-ended questions also suffer from various disadvantages:

Respondents may find it difficult to properly and fully explaintheir attitudes or motivations.


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Respondents may not give a full answer simply because they

may forget to mention important points.

Data collected is in the form of comments - it has to be

coded and reduced to manageable categories. This can be

time consuming for analysis.

b) Close-Ended Questions/Structured Questions: These types of

questions can be of three formats:

1. Questions with multiple responses out of which respondents

have to select one or more choices.


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For ex. What is the number of dependents on you?

a) None b) one

c) Two d)three

e) Four and above2. Questions with rating scale.

For ex. Joint family system leads to better GDP of a nation.

Please tick one of the following:

a) Strongly Agree b) Moderately Agreec) Strongly disagree d) Moderately Disagree

e) Neither agree nor disagree


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3. Close-ended questions with only two responses.

For ex. Have you used any of our companys products?

a) Yes b) No

These type of questions have a number of advantages:

It provides the respondent with an easy method of indicatinghis answer - he does not have to think about how to articulatehis answer.

It 'prompts' the respondent so that the respondent has to

rely less on memory in answering a question. Responses can be easily classified, making analysis very

straightforward.


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Disadvantages are also present when using such questions

They do not allow the respondent the opportunity to give adifferent response to those suggested.

They 'suggest' answers that respondents may not have

considered before.

(III) Deciding Question Wording

The wording of each question should fully convey its meaning tothe respondents. The degree of the level of understanding

varies from person to person. If questions are not easilyunderstood by the respondents ,they will respond withdifferent answers to questions, which will lead to misleadingresearch findings.


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Guidelines for Question wording are as follows:

1. The vocabulary used should be simple, direct and familiar to allrespondents.

2. The words of the question should not have vague or ambiguous(not clear)meaning.

for ex. Question such as 'What is your income?' is vague and one is likely toget many different responses with different dimensions. Respondents mayinterpret the question in different terms, for example:

hourly pay? weekly pay?

yearly pay? income before tax? income after tax? income in kind as well as cash? income for self or family?

monthly income?


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The use of ambiguous words should also be avoided. For example: "Do youregularly service your tractor?"

The respondents' understanding and interpretation of the term 'regularly' willdiffer. Some may consider that regularly means once a week, others maythink once a year is regular.

3. As far as possible each question should have single part. Otherwise, therespondents will have difficulty in answering all the pats of the questions.

4. The instructions of the questions should be clear.

5. Researchers should avoid long questions. The fewer words in a questionthe better. Respondents' memories are limited and absorbing the meaning

of long sentences can be difficult: in listening to something they may nothave much interest in, the respondents' minds are likely to wander, theymay hear certain words but not others, or they may remember some partsof what is said but not all.


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6. The questions should be such that it is understood by all therespondents included in the sampling list. . Researchers must besensitive to the fact that some of the people he/she will beinterviewing do not have a high level of education. Sometimeshe/she will have no idea how well or badly educated therespondents are until he/she gets into the field.

7. Questions should not be leading to answers which will sufferfrom biases.

For example," What did you dislike about the product you have justtried?"

The respondent is not given the opportunity to indicate that there was

nothing he/she disliked about the product. A less biased approachwould have been to ask a preliminary question along the lines of,"Did you dislike any aspect of the product you have just tried?", andallow him/her to answer yes or no.


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(IV) Appropriate Sequence of Questions/Putting Questions into ameaningful order

After formulating necessary Questions ,they should bearranged in an appropriate sequence such thatrespondents are able to have better understanding ofthem and provide accurate responses.

While deciding the sequence of questions, a researchershould keep in mind the following points:

1.First few questions can be related to personal details of

the respondents.2. Opening/introductory questions should be easy to

answer and not in any way threatening to therespondents.


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The first question is crucial because it is the respondent's first

exposure to the interview and sets the tone for the nature of

the task to be performed. If they find the first question

difficult to understand, or beyond their knowledge and

experience, or embarrassing in some way, they are likely tobreak off immediately. If, on the other hand, they find the

opening question easy and pleasant to answer, they are

encouraged to continue.

3. Questions should be related to each other. There should be ameaningful and logical order of the questions.


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4. Respondents become bored quickly and restless when asked similarquestions continuously. It usually improves response, therefore, tovary the respondent's task from time to time. An open-endedquestion here and there may provide much-needed relief from along series of questions in which respondents have been forced to

limit their replies to pre-coded categories.5. After opening questions, the main body of the questionnaire should

contain focussed questions relating to objectives of the research.

6.Since it is natural for a respondent to become increasingly indifferentto the questionnaire as it nears the end. Because of impatience or

fatigue, he may give careless answers to the later questions. Thosequestions, therefore, that are of special importance should, ifpossible, be included in the earlier part of the questionnaire.


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(V) Pre-Testing Of QuestionnaireEven after the researcher has proceeded along the lines

suggested. Until it has actually been used in interviews andwith respondents, it is impossible to say whether it is going toachieve the desired results. For this reason it is necessary topre-test the questionnaire before it is used in a full-scalesurvey, to identify any mistakes that need correcting.

The purpose of pretesting the questionnaire is to determine:

whether the questions as they are worded will achieve thedesired results

whether the questions have been placed in the best order.

whether the questions are understood by all classes ofrespondent.


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whether additional or specifying questions are needed or

whether some questions should be eliminated

whether the instructions to interviewers are adequate.

(VI) Review of Questions For ImprovementsThe purpose of pre-testing of questionnaire is to obtain

information to improve its content ,format and sequence.

Based on the information, the questionnaire should be revised in

its format, content and sequence for the final use in thesurvey.


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Methods of Collecting Primary Data

There are several methods of collecting primary data:

Direct Personal Observation Interview

Questionnaire


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Observation

Observation involves recordingthe behavioral patterns ofpeople by investigators owndirect observation without

asking from the respondent.

For example, in a study relatingto human behavior, theinvestigator instead of askingthe brand of the wrist watch

used by the respondent, mayhimself look at the watch.


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Some examples of observation method are:

Continuous monitoring of stock exchange index andshare prices movements through newspaper and

magazines is an example of observation method. For ex. An investigator can observe customers visiting a

banks branch .He can observe behaviour of customerslike patience while waiting for their transaction, way ofdealing with bank employees, helping fellow customersin filling different forms, opinion of customers about thebank through their casual discussions.


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Observation

Uncontrolled or controlled Uncontrolled observation involves observing behavior as it takes

place in the natural environment, for example, eating hamburgers in afast food outlet.

In controlled observation, the respondents behavior is observed in anartificial environment, for example, a food tasting session.

Non-participant or Participant

In Non-participant observation, the observer observes as a detachedperson without any attempt on his part to experience throughparticipation what others feel.

In participant observation, the researcher observes by makinghimself. more or less, a member of the group he is observing so thathe can experience what the members of the group experience.


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Observation

Disguised or undisguised In disguised observation, respondents are unaware they are

being observed and thus behave naturally. Disguise isachieved, for example, by hiding, or using hidden equipmentor people disguised as shoppers.

In undisguised observation, respondents are aware they arebeing observed. There is a danger that people behavedifferently when being observed.


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Merits & Demerits

Merits

This method is independent of respondents willingness to

respond as such it demands less cooperation on the part of

respondent as in case of Questionnaire or interview method. The information obtained under this method relates to what

is currently happening, it helps to collect data where and

when an event or activity is occurring.

This method helps capture the behaviour of customersdirectly.


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CONTINUED..

Demerits It is an expensive method since we need to hire a no. of

observers and also train them. It takes a long time to collect the data from all the respondents

selected.

The information provided by this method is very limited. Since itdoes not increase your understanding of why people behave asthey do.

People usually perform better when they know they are beingobserved, although indirect observation may decrease thisproblem.

It suffers from personal biases of investigators with will distort thefindings.


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Interview

Interviewing is a techniquethat is primarily used to gainan understanding of theunderlying reason andmotivation for peoples

attitudes, preferences orbehavior.

Interviews can be personal

as well as telephonicinterview.


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Interview

Personal interview

It is a survey method of datacollection which employs aquestionnaire.

In a personal interview the

interviewer asks thequestions to the respondentin a face-to-face situation.

The interview may takeplace at the respondent'shome or at a central location,such as a shopping mall.


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Types of Personal Interviews

1. Door-to-door Interviewing Under this interviewing the interviewer will go to the

residence of each selected respondent and obtainresponses for the items in the questionnaire by directinterviewing.

It is a costly and time-consuming process.2. Executive Interviewing It is same as door-to-door interviewing except that the

interviewees are not the customers but the industrialexecutives and the products are the industrial goods.

It is a costly and time consuming process. The average waiting time of the interviewers at the offices of

the executives before commencing interview process is toolong bcoz of the busy schedule of the executives.


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3. Mall Intercept Interview

This type of interview is conducted in shopping malls or

complexes where a diverse spectrum of customers can

be interviewed. The people or shoppers visiting the mall will be used as

respondents for filling the questionnaires.

In this method, the interviewers are stationed in a

particular place of an area and the people who come tothat area will be sampled and served with questionnaire.

It is a less costly and quick process.


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Individuals who visit malls are not a representative of the

entire population.

An additional problem with intercept interviews at malls

where research firms maintain permanent facilities is

"respondent burnout," That is, a significant portion of a givenmall's customers shop at the mall regularly. over time, these

regular shoppers will be randomly. selected into numerous

studies. Both their willingness to cooperate and the nature of

their responses will change as they participate in more andmore studies.


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4. Self-Administered Interview

In this method, the respondents will be issued with

questionnaires and they will be asked to fill them on

their own. Thus, in this method interviewers will be absent

while filling the questionnaires.

It is a less costly and quick process. This method has the advantage of removing

interviewers bias.


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But due to the absence of the interviewer the

respondents may give some irrelevant responses to

some questions for which the respondents have

limited knowledge/doubt.


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Interview

Telephone interview

This is an alternative form of interview to the personal,face-to-face interview.

This method of collecting information consists incontacting respondents on telephone itself.

Telephone interview is considered to be a cost effectivedata collection method because of the following reasons:

a) The travel time of interviewers is totally eliminatedb) The cost of travel of interviewers is also eliminated.c) Greater possibility of reaching the customers all over

the geography


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d) Total time of conducting the interview of the sample is least

when compared to other methods.

e) There is a greater probability of reaching the respondent

unlike the non-response problems of personal interview.

Though telephone interview has many advantages,it has some

drawbacks:

Interviewee may discontinue conversation in the mid-way unlike

personnel interview in which there is greater probability of

completing the interview fully bcoz of the rapport developedbetween the interviewer and the interviewee through

personal contact.


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The unique features of telephone interview are:

Selection of Telephone Numbers-

The telephone numbers should be selected such that they cover

the entire population of interest. The methods for selection oftelephone numbers are as follows:

a) Telephone directory reference-In this method telephone

numbers are selected randomly from the telephone

directory.


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b) Systematic Random-digit dialing- In this method Initially a

geographic area is decided. Within this area code a starting

telephone number is randomly selected. Then a constant

number(sampling interval) is added to the initial number to

get the second number which is to be dialed. Similarly thesame constant number is to be added to the immediate

preceding number and this process continues till the

remaining number of telephone numbers are generated.

Because there is a random startingpoint, each telephone number within an area code has an

equal chance of being called


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c) Plus-one Dialing-It is telephone directory assisted method. in

this method required number of telephone numbers are

selected from one or more telephone directories. Then the

constant one is added to each of the last four digits of each

selected telephone number. This generates a new list oftelephone numbers. This list may contain the telephone

numbers which are not present in telephone directories bcoz

the telephone numbers of new subscribers will be absent in

telephone directories till they are updated.


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Call Outcomes

In telephone Interview, the following outcomes of a call are

noticed:

1. The telephone number is not in service.

2. The number dialed is busy.

3. No one answers the call.

4. Answering Machine responds.

5. The call is responded by someone else instead of targettedrespondent.

6. The call is responded by the targeted respondent.


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Following are important guidelines for handling call outcomes:

1. If the telephone is not in service, then eliminate that number

from the sampling list.

2. If the number dialed is busy, then contact that number later.

3. If the call is not answered by any one, try later.

4. If the call is answered by an answering machine, then leave a

message about yourself and the purpose of your call, and

dial the same number later.

5. If the call is responded by someone else instead of targetted

respondent, then introduce yourself and brief about the

purpose of your study and try that number later.


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6. If the call is responded by the targetted respondent and ifhe/she is free, conduct the interview, otherwise contacthim/her again at his/her convenience.

Call Timing

The timing of the calls should be such that maximum number ofrespondents are available. The respondents can be classifiedinto working, non-working ,and business groups.

For consumer survey, it ispreferable to call the respondents belonging to all threeclasses in the evening time during weekdays, and day timeduring weekends. For industrial survey, the executives shouldbe called during 10:00 A.M. to 4 PM only on weekdays.


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Call Report

The Interviewer should record telephone numbers called, and

for each number, the name of the respondent, call date and

time, duration of the call, any special remark about the

respondent in the call report. This Report will act as database

for the Interviewers which is served to manage the

respondents who are yet to be interviewed.


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MAIL SURVEY

It is a data collection method in which questionnaires are

mailed to potential respondents who in turn fill and return

them at their convenience.

This method is useful for respondents with higher educational

and literacy levels.

Advantages of this method include:

1. it is easy and relatively low-cost to let the postal service do

the leg work of delivering the questionnaires.

2. Respondents can answer at their convenience.


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3. Any potential interviewer bias may be reduced due to lack ofcontact with the interviewer.

4. Wider coverage of population. It is possible to have alarger universe with a mail survey because it does not requirepersonal contact between the respondents and the researcher.

5. Less time of data collection.

Disadvantages of this method include:

1. Response rates from individuals with lower literacy levels are oftentoo small to be useful.

2. The identity of the respondents is not known to the interviewers.3. The questionnaire may be filled by the family members of the

respondent.

4. Some respondents may not return filled-in questionnaires.


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5. There may be delay on the part of the respondents in returning thefilled-in questionnaires.

In mail survey, the researcher selects the required number of potentialrespondents from mailing list provided by some organizations. Thena carefully designed questionnaire is despatched to each of the

potential respondents.The mailing of the questionnaires involves the following tasks:

a) Selecting the type of Envelope

b) Determining mode of postage

c) Designing covering letterd) Designing questionnaire length,content,layout and format.

e) Type of incentive ,if any, to be given to the respondents.


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In some cases, even before mailing the questionnaires, a

notification is sent to the respondents which makes them

aware of the purpose of the study before hand. After mailing

the questionnaires ,reminders are to be sent to the

respondents at predetermined intervals to speed up thematter.

If the response rate is very poor, then more

reminders should be mailed to the respondents.

Inspite of this effort, if the response rate is low,to cope up withthe deficit number of respondents ,either the personal

interview or the telephone interview may be used.


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FAX SURVEYS

In this survey, the questionnaire is sent to the respondents

through fax or mail.

Advantage of this method is that it is a quick process.

The success of this method depends upon the infrastructural

facilities(fax machine) available with the respondents. Hence,

It is used only for the organizational respondents for whom such

facilities are available.


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WEB SURVEYS In this method a questionnaire is posted or uploaded on a secure

web site.

The invitation to participate in the web survey would be posted ona company web site which is commonly accessed by the target

respondents. If a respondent visits the company web site and clicks on the

invitation ,then the respondent will be connected to the secure website, where a detailed interview is conducted.

After finishing the interview, the respondent is placed back tohis/her original point of entry into the system. The moment arespondent finishes the interview on a secure web site ,theresearcher can view the results of the interview instantaneously athis/her station.


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Advantages of Web surveys include:

1. Faster speed of responses-A survey posted on a popular Web

site can collect thousands of responses in just a few hours.

2. Substantially reduced cost-Once setup is completed, there is

virtually no cost associated with a web survey; therefore,

data from both large and small samples cost the same to

process.

Disadvantage of this method include:

This method is limited only to those respondents who owen

computers and are internet users or visit web sites very often

on rental machines.


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Secondary Data

Secondary Data are collected from sources which have been

already created for the purpose of first-time use and future

uses.

Secondary data are existing data generated for a problem

other than the one at hand. Secondary data consists ofinformation that already exists somewhere, having been

collected for another purpose.

The sources for secondary data can be classified as internal

(those inside the organization) sources and external(thoseoutside the organization) sources.


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Internal Sources of Secondary Data

Most organizations routinely gather, record and store internal datarelating to different activities such as information recorded fromdocuments such as sales invoices. With the help of this informationsales volume by product can be identified, sales can be forecasted

on the basis of past data. Other sources of internal data include filesof salespersons call reports, employee complaints, customer

feedback about product failures, after-sales service etc.,distributors feedback on timeliness of stock replenishment, quality

of product etc.

Besides this, in large organizations consistingof many divisions,the research conducted by one division mayprove to be useful for another division. Thus, before going in forexternal sources ,the researchers should search all sources within


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the company.

External Sources of Secondary data

External secondary data are data that are generated or recoded by asource other than the organization. Following are the different

external sources of secondary data:a) Books and Periodicals-One of the first places to look for secondary

data is a library. Periodicals(magazines, journals, and newspapers)are materials that are published at regular intervals (monthly,quarterly, daily, etc.).Professional Journals such as Journal ofbusiness research, Journal of finance and quantitative analysis,journal of marketing ,journal of academy of management etc. andbusiness periodicals such as Fortune and Business Week etc.contain much useful material.


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b) Government Data/government Sources- it includes data publishedby local, state, national or international governments. for ex.Census of Population provides a wealth of data. for example, ministryof agriculture and irrigation publishes monthly report on AgricultureSituation in India. The state and central governments appoint anumber of committees and commissions for the purpose of some

enquiry. The reports of such commissions and committees aresubmitted and published after a specific period.

c) Trade Associations-Associations frequently publish or maintaindetailed information on industry sales, growth patterns, and thelike. Furthermore, they may conduct special research studies offactors relevant to their industry. These materials may be publishedin the form of annual reports, as part of a regular trade journal. Insome cases, they are available only on request from the association.Most libraries maintain reference works, such as the Encyclopediaof Associations that list the various associations.


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d) Media Sources- Information on a broad range of subjects isavailable from broadcast and print media. Media frequentlyconduct research studies about various aspects and makereports of survey findings available free of charge.

e) Commercial Sources/Private Research Organizations-Thereare several organizations whose business is to sell and /orpublish information related to different aspects. Theseorganizations offer information in published formats or asinternet databases.

f) Internet Search Engines-with the help of an Internet searchengine, we can expand a search. People search the Internetusing a variety of resource discovery tools called searchengines, such as AltaVista, Yahoo, and HotBot.


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They are Web sites in themselves, accessible through browsers,where you can search for other sites that contain specifickeywords. You simply type in the topic, or several key wordsabout what you are looking for, and the search engine willprovide Web sites that have information related to that topic.For example, you will get a list of sites by keying in one ormore words that best describes what you want.

Other external sources are:

International Reports: This includes official publications of

international bodies like IMF, UNESCO, WHO, etcOfficial publications of RBI, and other Banks, LIC, Trade Unions,

Stock Exchange, Chambers of Commerce, etc

unit ii(research project management)

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