unit one: habits of mind

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UNIT ONE: HABITS OF MIND

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UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind. How scientists work. No matter what types of problems are being studied, scientists use the same problem-solving steps called the scientific method . The scientific method is A logical and systematic approach or process to problem-solving. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind

UNIT ONE:HABITS OF

MIND

Page 2: UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind

No matter what types of problems are being studied, scientists use the same problem-solving steps called the scientific method.

The scientific method isA logical and systematic approach or process to problem-solving.

An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world.

HOW SCIENTISTS WORK

Page 3: UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind

1. Make an observation.2. Define the problem.3. Research the problem.4. State the hypothesis.5. Experiment to test the hypothesis.6. Collect and record data.7. Analyze the data.8. Draw conclusions.9. Report results.

LISTING THE STEPS

Page 4: UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind

Then

And

Question

Research

Hypothesis

Procedure/Method

Data

Observations

Conclusion

What does the scientist wantto learn more about?

Gathering of information

An “Educated” guess of ananswer to the question

Written and carefullyfollowed step-by-step

experiment designed to testthe hypothesis

Information collected duringthe experiment

Written description of whatwas noticed during the

experiment

Was the hypothesis correct or incorrect?

Next

Then

Next

And

Finally

FirstScientific MethodAn Overview

Question: What will happen to the magnesium metal if I drop hydrochloric

acid into the test tube?

Page 5: UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Ask Question

Do BackgroundResearch

ConstructHypothesis

Test with anExperiment

Analyze ResultsDraw Conclusion

Think!Try Again

Report Results

Hypothesis is True Hypothesis is Falseor Partially True

Page 6: UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind

Aristotle proposed that living things can be generated from non-living things, and his theory is called Spontaneous Generation in 322 BC.

People accepted the idea.Francesco Redi disagreed in 1668. He

was trying to disprove the idea of Spontaneous Generation using fruit flies.

WAIT…people believed this for 1668 + 322 years!

REDI’S EXPERIMENT ON SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

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Maggots occur on meat after a few days.

MAKE AN OBSERVATION

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How did the maggots get on the meat?

DEFINE THE PROBLEM.

Page 9: UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind

Redi observed that maggots appeared on the meat after a few days.

He believed that flies landed on the meat, laid eggs, and the eggs hatched.

RESEARCH THE PROBLEM.

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Flies produce maggots.

STATE THE HYPOTHESIS

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Redi set up a controlled experiment. Others have used his experiment as a model for setting up their own experiments for many years.

EXPERIMENT TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS

Control GroupExperimental

Group

Page 12: UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind

Control Group: used as a standard of comparison Jars with meat and

no coverControl variables:

same jars, same type of meat, same location, same temperature, same amount of time (MANY)

Experimental group: Jars with meat and a gauze cover

Manipulated variable: gauze covering the jar (ONLY ONE)

Dependent variable: whether maggots appear or not (RESULT)

IMPORTANT VOCABULARY & CONCEPTS

Page 13: UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind

Redi recorded the size jar, type of meat, amount of meat, location of meat, temperature of room, time passed, type of gauze used, changes in meat each day, and when/if maggots appeared.

Maggots only appeared on the meat in the uncovered jars after a few days. No maggots appeared on the meat in the covered jars.

Types of Data: Quantitative: involves numbers; often graphedQualitative: does not involve numbers

COLLECT DATA

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Redi reviewed his hypothesis: Flies produce maggots.He accepted the hypothesis because of the data.Flies must have laid eggs that are too small to be seen.

Flies could not get to the covered meat to lay their eggs.

Maggots did not spontaneously generate on the meat.

EVIDENCE was necessary to disprove Aristotle’s claim. Data IS evidence.

DRAW CONCLUSIONS

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Redi looked over his work carefully. He tried to identify mistakes in his experiment. Could there be another explanation for his results?

He looked for ways to improve his experiment.

He decided if it was necessary to repeat the experiment with the improvements.

DETERMINE LIMITATIONS

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When Redi was satisfied with his results, he wrote a report of the experiment outlining all of the information that we’ve discussed.

He published that report in 1668 in a book.

Other scientists repeated his experiment to check his work, and finally the theory of spontaneous generation was disproved.

REPORT RESULTS

Page 17: UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind

Variables - Factors that can be changedControlled Variables - all the variables that remain constant

Independent Variable - (also called the Manipulated Variable) - factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes

Dependent Variable- (also called the Responding Variable) - the outcome or results, factor in an experiment that may change because of the manipulated variable….what a scientist wants to measure or observe

Graphing Rule: Graph the dependent variable on the Y-axis. The independent variable goes on the X-axis.

REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE VOCABULARY

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OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.

HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.

PROCEDURE

Manipulated Variables:gauze covering thatkeeps flies away from meat

Uncovered jars Covered jars

Several days pass

Maggots appear No maggots appear

Responding Variable: whether maggots appear

CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

Controlled Variables:jars, type of meat,location, temperature,time

Page 19: UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind

Usually quantitative data is measured with an instrument in the lab.

Scientists use the metric system units.

GATHERING QUANTITATIVE DATA

Measurement Equipment Used Metric Base UnitLength Metric ruler or meter

stickMeters

Mass Balance GramVolume of a liquid Graduated cylinder Liter

Time Stopwatch or second hand on clock

second

Page 20: UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind

The metric system is based upon powers of ten. Prefixes are added to the base units to make larger or

smaller units. Example: milli, kilo, or deci

Since our number system is also based on powers of ten, converting from one metric prefix to another is as simple as moving a decimal.

Memory device: King Henry died by drinking chocolate milk.

METRIC SYSTEM PREFIXES & CONVERSIONS

Kilo Hecto

Deca BASE Deci Centi Milli

K h D MeterLiterGram

d c m

1000 100 10 1 .1 .01 .001

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Conversion examples Convert 145.8 cm to mm.

1458 mm Convert 3.4 kg to dg.

34,000 dg Convert 13,499 mL to hL.

0.13499 hLFor homework tonight, complete the metric mania

worksheet.

METRIC SYSTEM PREFIXES & CONVERSIONS

Kilo Hecto

Deca BASE Deci Centi Milli

K h D MeterLiterGram

d c m

103 102 101 1 10-1 10-2 10-3

Page 22: UNIT ONE: Habits of Mind

Biology is the study of life!Are Flames Alive?All living things have 8 characteristics in

common.1. Made of one or more cells2. Displays organization3. Grows & develops (increase in mass & gains new

abilities)4. Reproduces5. Responds to stimuli (ex. heat, light, weather)6. Requires energy7. Maintains homeostasis (stable internal conditions)8. Adaptations evolve over time (help species

survive)

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

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Levels of OrganizationOrganismsOrgan systemsOrgansTissuesCellsMoleculesAtoms

DISPLAYS ORGANIZATION