unit overview reading quiz-open note tuesday 3/10
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1950’s World War II ends and another war begins… A 1950’s World War II ends and another war begins… A. How is the Cold War different then previous conflicts? .TRANSCRIPT
Unit Overview Reading quiz-open note Tuesday 3/10 Quiz on 1950’s Friday the 13th
3/16 start research project
1950’SWORLD WAR II ENDS AND ANOTHER WAR BEGINS…A. HOW IS THE COLD WAR DIFFERENT THEN PREVIOUS CONFLICTS?
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U.S., U.S.S.R. have very different economic, political systems
Yalta Conference 1945*promised free elections in Poland/Plan for post war Eastern Europe
Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe Soviet Union also has great economic,
military strength• Installs communist rule in satellite nations,
countries it dominates• 1946, Stalin announces war between
communism, capitalism inevitable• U.S. policy of containment—measures to
prevent spread of communism• Churchill describes division of Europe as
iron curtain
Start of Cold War 1945–1991 Cold War—conflict between U.S.,
U.S.S.R Marshall Plan revives 16 nations;
Communist parties less appealing
The Berlin Airlift
1948, Stalin closes highway, rail routes into West Berlin
Berlin airlift—Britain, U.S. fly food, supplies into West Berlin
1949, Stalin lifts blockade
Asia becomes Communist… China falls to Communism, fear it will spread Korea was divided at 38th parallel after liberated
from Japan North Korea supported by Soviet Union South Korea supported by United States• 1950, North Korea invades South, begins
Korean War• South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion;
Security Council approves
LIFE ON THE AMERICAN HOME FRONT A. How did American lives change after World War II?
Fear of Communist Influence House Un-American
Activities Committee investigates Communist ties
Investigates Communist influence in movie industry
Hollywood blacklist—people with Communist ties, cannot get work
McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt”• Senator Joseph McCarthy
a strong anti-Communist activist
• McCarthyism—attacking suspected Communists without evidence
• 1954, McCarthy accuses members of U.S. Army
• Televised hearings show him bullying witnesses
• Loses public support; Senate condemns him for improper conduct
The Rosenbergs •1949, Soviets explode
atomic bomb sooner than expected
•Physicist Klaus Fuchs admits giving information about U.S. bomb
•Ethel, Julius Rosenberg, minor Communist Party activists, implicated
•Rosenbergs sentenced to death; Supreme Court upholds conviction
I Like Ike!
I Like Ike!• Truman’s approval rating drops over Korean
War, McCarthyism- decides not to run for reelection- Eisenhower wins; Republicans narrowly take
Congress- Eisenhower hesitant to use Nuclear weapons,
and fears the U.S. is military spending was out of control
- Felt only necessary to use nuclear weapons if nation’s vital interest are attacked.
The Policy of Brinkmanship
John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy: - willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent
spread of communismMAD: Mutually Assured Destruction
Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin AmericaEisenhower Doctrine—U.S. will defend
Middle East against communistsCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses
spies to gather informationCIA helps oust Iranian prime minister,
reinstate ShahCIA helps depose Guatemala’s president;
army leader becomes dictator
Fair Deal under President Truman "Every segment of our population, and
every individual, has a right to expect from his government a fair deal."
He wanted to guarantee economic opportunity and social stability in post war America
21 point program covered issues including unfair employment practices, a higher min. wage, greater unemployment compensation and housing assistance.
Post War Boom 1944 GI Bill of Rights eases veterans’
return to civilian life• 1950s, 85% of new homes built in suburbs• 1945–1965 baby boom—soaring birth
rate after soldiers return
Post War Boom • By 1956, majority of Americans not in blue-
collar (industrial) jobs• More in higher-paying, white-collar (office,
professional) positions• Many in services, like sales, advertising,
insurance, communications
Post War Economy
A portion of Levittown, a mass-produced suburb on Long Island, New York 25 miles east of Manhattan (1948).
Culture of 1950’s • Magazines, TV,
movies glorify role of homemaker, mother
• 1960, 40% mothers work; limited opportunities, less pay than men
• Push for social conformity
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIslhp9vqqw
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Franchise Opportunities
• Interstate Highway Act—nationwide highway network unites country
-Mass media—means of communication that reach large audiences
-TV first widely available 1948; in almost 90% of homes in 1960
-Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates communications
Cold War takes to the skies A New Soviet Leader
Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader; favors:
peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition
Launching of Sputnik The Space Race• October 1957,
Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite
• Shocked Americans pour money into own space program
NASA Prompted by the
launching of Sputnik
Created with the National Aeronautics and Space Act, 1958
A Subculture Emerges
The Beat MovementBeat movement—writers, artists express
social, literary nonconformityPoets, writers use free, open form; read
works aloud in coffeehousesBeatnik attitudes, way of life attract media
attention, students
Rock ‘n’ RollBlack musicians add electric instruments to
blues—rhythm and bluesRock ‘n’ roll—mix of rhythm and blues,
country, popHas heavy rhythm, simple melodies, lyrics
about teenage concerns Music appeals to newly affluent teens who
can buy recordsMany adults concerned music will lead to
delinquency, immorality
CIVIL RIGHTS OF THE 1950’S
Jackie Robinson • First African-
American to play in Major League Baseball.
• 1942- Drafted by the Brooklyn Dodgers.
• Broke color barriers.
• 1962- Inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Brown vs. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka In May 1954, the Court issued its landmark
ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, stating racially segregated education was unconstitutional and overturning the Plessy decision.
White Southerners were shocked by the Brown decision.
Thurgood Marshall a famous NAACP lawyer became the first African American Supreme Court Justice
Emmett Till-1955 August 1955, 14 year old Emmett
whistled at a white woman in a grocery store in Money, Mississippi.
Being from Chicago, didn't understand that he had broken the unwritten laws of the Jim Crow South
3 days later, two white men dragged him from his bed in the dead of night, beat him brutally and then shot him in the head.
His killers were arrested and charged with murder, they were both acquitted quickly by an all-white, all-male jury.
The defendants sold their story, including a detailed account of how they murdered Till, to a journalist. Due to double jeopardy they could not be charged.
Impact of Emmett Till’s murder Nation was horrified Till's death was a
spark that helped mobilize the civil rights movement.
Three months after his body was pulled from the Tallahatchie River, the Montgomery bus boycott began.
Montgomery Bus Boycott A political and social protest
campaign in 1955 intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system.
Started after Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat. (member of NAACP)
The boycott lasted for more than a year, expressing to the nation the determination of African Americans in the South to end segregation.
In November 1956, a federal court ordered Montgomery’s buses desegregated and the boycott ended in victory.
Little Rock Nine Virtually no schools in the South
segregated their schools in the first years following the Brown decision.
In Virginia, one county actually closed its public schools.
In 1957, Governor Orval Faubus defied a federal court order to admit nine African American students to Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
President Dwight Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce desegregation.
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 September 9, 1957, was the first civil
rights legislation enacted by Congress in the United States since the Civil War.
Goal of the 1957 Civil Rights Act was to ensure that all Americans could exercise their right to vote.
By 1957, only about 20% of African Americans had registered to vote.
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 actually do? protection of voting rights established the Civil Rights Division in the
Justice Department empowered federal officials to prosecute
individuals that conspired to deny or abridge another citizens right to vote
created U.S. Civil Rights Commission charged with investigating allegations of voter infringement
It signaled a growing federal commitment to the cause of civil rights.