UNIT V1750CE-1900CE

Big Picture Questions of UNIT V – 1750CE-1900CE

How are the events of this time period interconnected? Why did nationalism grow during this time period? How

did the impact of nationalism vary among different countries?

How and why does change occur? How did the environment impact industrial and

economic development?

Key Developments of UNIT V – 1750CE-1900CE

The Industrial Revolution and its consequences, especially as it impacted social and economic developments in Europe and European imperialism in Africa and Asia.

The loss of Europe’s holdings in the Americas due to revolutionary movements.

The political restructuring and formation of strong centralized nation-states in Europe.

2nd Agricultural Revolution

Cause: The introduction of high yield crops from the New World

like potatoes and corn

What Changed? Crop rotation and the enclosure of land New technology:

New machines for plowing, seeding, and reaping Chemical fertilizers

Led to: The natural outgrowth of urbanization, especially where

resources such as iron, coal, water, and soon railroads were available for manufacturing.

Technological Innovations Revolution in the Cotton Industry

Domestic system, where cotton was woven into cloth in homes/small shops, was part of an inefficient, highly labor-intensive arrangement.

Flying shuttle and spinning jenny sped up the weaving and spinning process; add in water power started by Richard Arkwright and Eli Whitney’s cotton gin (processes cotton) and the textile industry was taken out of the home and into the mills.

Revolution in Transportation The invention of James Watt’s steam engine in 1769 led to the building of the

first steamship by Robert Fulton and the first steam powered locomotive by George Stephenson.

Led to empire building and global trade, especially by the British who had the vast amounts of coal needed to power the steam engine.

By the tail end of the period, the internal combustion engine, invented in 1885 by Gottlieb Daimler, will lead to the creation and mass production of cars.

Revolution in Communication The invention of the telegraph (Samuel Morse) and soon the telephone

(Alexander Graham Bell) will lead to the increased communication across great distances.

Toward the tail end of the period, the world is also given the radio (Guglielmo Marconi).

The Factory System

Eli Whitney’s Interchangeable Parts: Machines and their parts were produced uniformly so

that they could easily be replaced when something broke down.

Henry Ford’s Assembly Line Each factory worker added only one part to a finished

product, on after another, eliminating individuality in the workplace.

Effects of the Factory System: Workers overworked, underpaid, and put in harm’s way Exposed the workers to air pollution and hazardous

machinery Created despair and hopelessness in the daily lives

Social and Economic Changes Adam Smith’s Impact:

Developed the idea in “The Wealth of Nations” of the free market system where individuals own the means of production and sell their products and services in a free and open market.

Karl Marx’s Impact: Pointed out in his “Communist Manifesto” that the factory workers

had genuine opportunities but were being exploited as a consequence of capitalism; the working class would eventually revolt and take control of the means of production; led to communism and socialism.

Conditions Improve in the Factories and in Life: Labor Unions - Vehicles in which thousands of employees bargained

for better working conditions, or threatened to strike, thereby shutting down the factory.

Social Mobility – the ability of a person to work his way up from one social class to the next.

Abolishment of slavery began in the early 1800s in Britain and the US, along with the outlawing of the ownership of slaves.

Women’s Suffrage Movement – the organization of women to increase their collective influence, especially in terms of the right to vote.

The European Justification

Factory system demanded an immense amount of natural resources; would lead the Europeans to amassing incredible wealth through colonizing resource rich regions without compensating the natives.

Ethnocentrism (1) Social Darwinism – the application of Charles

Darwin’s biological theory of natural selection to sociology.

(2) the belief that Europeans were not only superior but that they had a moral obligation to dominate/teach other people how to be civilized. (Rudyard Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden”)

European Imperialism in India

During the Seven Years War, England and France battle for supremacy of Europe, North America, and India (England swept each)

British East India Company Under the direction of Robert Clive, they successfully

conquered areas of India and took advantage of the weakening Mughals

Sepoy Mutiny A rebellion of the Indian Sepoys (Indians who worked for

the British) failed miserably and forced the British Parliament to step in, making it a crown colony (The Raj).

European Imperialism in China

The Opium Wars Britain introduced opium to the Chinese in 1773 and it took hold; the

Chinese emperor released an edict forbidding further sale or use of the opium, of which the British would have none of it.

Over a series of years, the British and Chinese fought a war over the Opium trade that led to the opening of all of China to European trade

Began the diminishing of China as a world power and allowed for the establishment of spheres of influence (the carving up of China economically) and the Open Door Policy (giving the US a piece of the trading privileges).

Boxer Rebellion An organized response to the Manchu governments’ defeats and

concessions to the Western Powers and Japan, and the attempt to drive the Europeans and Japanese out of China; failed miserably and led to further concessions.

European Imperialism in Africa South Africa

Valuable to the Europeans only for shipping and military reasons Boer War – led South Africa to become a significant British colony

after the discovery of diamonds and gold in the interior.

Egypt In 1805, Muhammad Ali defeated the French and the Ottomans,

gaining control of Egypt, industrializing the country and directing the expansion of agriculture toward cotton production

Abbas I worked with the French to construct the Suez Canal, which when completed in 1869 became a pivotal economic and military point of contention, especially for the British (getting to India)

The Berlin Conference – 1884 A European delegation that set up rules for how future colonization

rights and boundaries would be determined in Africa (carved up the continent in the Scramble for Africa) Stripped Africa of its resources; separated colonial territories

based on European concerns, not on African history and culture

Japanese Imperialism In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry from the US arrived in Japan on a

steamboat, opened the doors to Japan, and showed the Japanese their inability to compete economically and militarily with the industrialized world.

Meiji Restoration Era of Japanese westernization, abolished the samurai class as an

institution, and creating universal military service among all males Sino- (control of Taiwan and Korea) and Russo- (sphere of influence in

Manchuria) Japanese Wars in the 1890s led to their status as a world power.

US Imperialism

The United States As industrialization enriched and empowered the United

States in the late 19th century, the country also began to experiment with imperialism. Alaska Hawaii

The Spanish American War in 1898 Took over the Philippine Islands and Cuba, bringing

the United States onto the world stages as a power to be reckoned with.

Political Revolutions: American Causes of the American Revolution:

Seven Years War (French and Indian War) Fight between the English and the French that resulted in the

British gaining possession of lands worldwide; British didn’t feel like the colonists adequately paid for the war while the American colonists claimed it was their efforts that made colonial expansion possible

Taxes Britain passed the Revenue, Stamp, and Tea acts to raise funds

for the British crown (no taxation without representation) Impact of the Enlightenment

Thomas Paine “Common Sense” – urged colonist to support the movement, assailed the monarchy as an encroachment on Americans’ natural rights and appealed to the colonists to form a better government. (led to the Declaration of Independence)

Alliance with France In 1777, the French committed ships, soldiers, weapons, and money

to the cause, leading to their victory in 1781 at the Battle of Yorktown

Political Revolutions: French, Part I

Luis XVI and the Estates General Louis XVI called on the Estates General to help his

raises taxes for their costly war debts; the Estates General was composed of three estates (1st – clergy, 2nd – nobility, 3rd – peasants and bourgeoisie or 95% of the population)

Third Estate, fearful of being shut out of the new constitution, began to push anarchy across the countryside; wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man that recognized natural rights, abolished the feudal system, altered the Catholic monopoly, and controlled the king.

The Reign of Terror The Committee of Public Safety, led by Maximilien

Robespierre, was the all powerful enforcer of the revolution and murderer of anyone suspected of anti-revolutionary tendencies; killed tens of thousands by the guillotine.

Political Revolutions: French, Part II Napoleon

Overthrew the Directory of France in 1799 and declared himself First Consul under the new constitution. Napoleonic Codes – recognized the equality of

French citizens and institutionalized some of the Enlightenment ideas

Napoleonic Wars – conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and parts of Italy; lost power after attempting a blockade of Britain and having to deal with nationalistic uprising in Italy, Spain, and Portugal; finally forced into exile after his devastating retreat from Moscow.; Napoleon came back to rally support but was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo.

The Congress of Vienna Tried to restore the royal order of Europe, which would

only last so long.

Independence Movements: Latin America Haiti

Toussaint L’Ouverture - In 1801, under the leadership of Toussaint, the Haitians began the first slave revolt; Toussaint would be captured and killed, leading his lieutenant Jacques Dessalines to create the first independent Latin American nation.

South America Simon Bolivar

Spurred the independence movement of Gran-Columbia in South America, taking the opportunity of a weakened Spain (dealing with Napoleon) to win their freedom.

Jose de San Martin Spurred the independence movement of Argentina

The Effects of the Latin American Independence Movements: Even with Latin American Independence from their colonial powers, it wasn’t

accompanied by widespread freedom among a vast majority of citizens: The Catholic Church remained a powerful force and protected the status

quo The economies were still largely dependent on Europe and didn’t

diversify

Two Unifications: Italy and Germany A major political development inspired by growing

nationalism was the consolidation of small states into two important new nations: Italy

Unified by Camillo di Cavour through military power

Germany Unified by Otto von Bismarck through the Franco-

Prussian War

These new nations altered the balance of power in Europe, causing established nations like Britain and France concern that their own power was in danger. They competed with one another through trade,

industrial production, and colonization, setting up worldwide empires to bolster their attempts to outdo all the others.

Technology and Innovation of UNIT V – 1750CE-1900CE

Role of Women of UNIT V – 1750CE-1900CE

Important Terms Abolish

Absolute monarch

Assembly line

Capital

Capitalism

Cartel

Communism

Constitution

Corporation

Doctrine

Domestic

Emancipation

Enclosure

Estates-General

Enlightenment

Factory

Free market

Free trade

Immigration

Imperialism

Indemnity

Industrial Revolution

Laissez-Faire

Labor Union

Leisure

Marxism

Monopoly

Nationalism

Nation-state

Natural resources

Rural

Social class

Social Darwinism

Socialism

Suffrage

Trade union

Universal suffrage

Urbanization

Utopia

Wage labor

Important People, Places, an Events

American Revolution

Berlin Conference 1884

Bloody Sunday

Boer Wars

Boxer Rebellion

British East India Company

Charles Darwin

Communist Manifesto

Congress of Vienna

Declaration of Independence

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Diet of Japan

Emancipation of the Serfs

Execution of Louis XVI

Miguel Hidalgo

Indian National Congress

Intolerable Acts

Karl Marx

Meiji Restoration

Monroe Doctrine

Muhammad Ali

Napoleon Bonaparte

Open Door Policy

Opium Wars

Panama Canal The Raj

Reign of Terror Cecil Rhodes

Rudyard Kipling

Russification

Russo-Japanese War

Scramble for Africa

Sepoy Mutiny Seven Years War

Sino-Japanese War

Social Darwinism

Spanish American War

Spheres of Influence

Suez Canal

Duma of Russia

Steam Engine Otto von Bismarck Wealth of Nations