unit v earth systems & resources. water resources properties of water –2 parts hydrogen and 1...
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit V
Earth Systems &Resources
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Water Resources
• Properties of Water– 2 parts Hydrogen and 1 part Oxygen
(H2O)
– Water is never completely pure in nature.
• Many substances water dissolves and causes water pollution
• Contents of Sea Water
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Hydrologic Cycle• The same water has been recycled
through the atmosphere since the earth’s beginning!
• Evaporation
• Condensation
• Precipitation
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Hydrologic Cycle
• Transpiration
• Respiration/Perspiration
A drop of water could spend as little as 9 days in the
atmosphere or as much as 40,000 years in the ocean
before being recycled.
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Distribution of Water
• Ocean Water– 97.5% of planet’s water
• Cover 75% of the planet’s surface
• Freshwater– Remaining 3% divided
between rivers, lakes, groundwater, aquifers
– greatest amount is in glaciers and polar ice
– only ~0.5% is available freshwater
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Water Terminolgy
• Surface Water
• Runoff
• Watershed (drainage basin)
• Groundwater
• Aquifer
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Aquifers
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Water Bodies• Rivers
• Lakes
• Seas
• Oceans– Can you name all 5 oceans?
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Water Supply Issues• 3 basic categories:
– Too much water– Too little water– Poor quality/contamination of water
• Balanced water budgets have equal amounts of water coming in as going out in all locations.
• Situations Create Changes
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Water Usage• Water Uses
– World Uses• Irrigation ~ • Energy ~• Domestic Use ~
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Too Much Water!• Flooding
– Both natural and human induced
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Too Little Water• Causes:
• Aquifer depletion:
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Problems in US• Overall, US has plentiful
water
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Problems in US• Water shortages in West and
Southwest
• Mono Lake (Eastern CA)
• Colorado River Basin
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Aquifer Depletion
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Aquifer Depletion
• Ogallala Aquifer
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Global Problems• Water Budgets aren’t Balanced!
– Climate Change
– Drinking Water
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Global Problems– Population Growth
– Sharing Water Resources
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Dams & Reservoirs• Benefits: • Disadvantages
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Dams & Reservoirs• Disadvantages
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Water Diversion Projects
• Water diverted to areas deficient– California Aqueduct Project
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Other Water Supplies• Desalinization
– Removal of salt from sea water
– Two methods:– Distillation
– Reverse Osmosis
– Very Expensive
• Cloud Seeding– Saturation of existing clouds to promote rain.
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Irrigation Issues• Irrigation is largest user
of water in the world.
• Gravity Flow
• Center Pivot
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Irrigation Issues
• Drip Irrigation
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Water Conservation• Reduction of Industrial Water Waste
• Reduction of Municipal Water Waste
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Soil Resources• Soil
– Controls the distribution of rainfall, regulates biological activity, and filters water, air, and nutrients.
– Soil Forming Factors
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Soil• Not just dirt!
• Mixture of eroded rock, minerals, inorganic nutrients, decaying organic matter, water, air, and living organisms.
• Soil Composition– % mineral matter
• weathered rock– % organic matter
• detritus– %water– % air
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Soil
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Soil Layers• Horizons
– soil forms in horizontal layers called horizons
– most plant roots are in the first two layers
– O Horizon
– A Horizon
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Soil Layers– E Horizon
– B Horizon
– C Horizon
– Bedrock
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Soil Layers
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Soil Structure• Clay
– smallest particle size
• Silt– medium sized particles
• Sand– relatively large particle size
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Soil Structure• Gravel
– largest particle size
• Loam
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Soil Structure
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Soil Quality• Porosity
• Structure
• Sorting
• Permeability
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Soil Quality• Conductivity
• Nutrient Retention
• Stability
• pH
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Erosion• Removes soil and ruins surface water
where the soil is deposited.• Causes
• Accelerated by poor agricultural practices
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Erosion• Great Dust Bowl of 1930s
– severe drought• 1930-1937
– poor agricultural practices• no natural vegetative roots to
hold soil in place
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Agricultural Degredation• Soil Salinization
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Agricultural Degredation• Desertification
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Increasing Crop Production• Fertilizer Methods/Types
– Organic Fertilizers• Animal manure
• Green manure
• Compost
– Inorganic Fertilizers
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Soil Conservation• Erosion Reduction Methods:
– Conservation Tillage Farming
– Crop Rotation
– Contour Farming
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Soil Conservation• Erosion Reduction Methods:
– Terracing
– Strip Cropping
Strip Strip CroppingCropping
TerracinTerracingg
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Soil Conservation• Erosion Reduction Methods:
– Alley Cropping/Agroforestry/Shelterbelts
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Soil Conservation Laws• Soil Conservation Act of 1935
– authorized formation of Soil Conservation Service, now called Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS)
– assess soil damage and develop BMPs to improve soil
• Food Security Act (Farm Bill) 1985– farmers with highly erodible soil had to change
their farming practices– instituted Conservation Reserve Program
• pays farmers to stop farming highly erodible land
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Soil Conservation Laws• 1872 Mining Law
– Forces government to sell public land leases to private investors at bargain prices
– Requires companies to return site to as good of condition, if not better, when completion of mining activity
• companies can (and have) abandon site or file for bankruptcy.
– leaves taxpayers with the clean-up bill– some sites cost several million dollars to
remediate
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Mineral Resources• Minerals
– Naturally occurring elements or inorganic compounds found in Earth’s crust.
• Elements or compounds of elements that occur naturally in the Earth’s crust.
– Rocks
– Ores
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Minerals• Unevenly distributed throughout the world
• Discovery of new reserves
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Mining• Surface Mining
– extracts ~ of minerals in US ( of coal)– Open-Pit Mining
– Strip-Mining/Mountain Top Mining
• Subsurface (Traditional) Mining
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Open Pit Mine
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Ore Processing
• Smelting– process in which ore is
melted at high temps to separate impurities from the molten metal
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Mining Effects• Disturbs large area
• Uses large quantities of water
• Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
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Mining Effects• Mill Tailings
• Smelting plants
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Mining Restoration• Goals
• prevent further degradation and erosion of land, eliminate local sources of toxins and make land productive for another purpose
• Creative Approaches– Wetlands
– Phytoremediation
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Minerals• Reserves
– mineral deposits that have been identified and are currently profitable to extract
– Highly developed countries
– Developing countries
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Minerals
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Other Mineral Reserves• Antarctica
– no substantial mineral deposits identified to date– Antarctica Treaty of 1961
• limits activity to peaceful uses– Madrid Protocol of 1990
• Moratorium on mineral exploration
• Deep Ocean– may provide us with future supplies
• extracting minerals from seawater
• mining seafloor
– manganese nodules
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Manganese Nodule Deposits
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Mineral Conservation
• Reduce– the amount of materials you use
• Reuse– lunch boxes, sandwich bags, grocery bags,
soda bottles, diapers
• Repair– instead of replace
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Mineral Conservation• Recycle
– Paper is the most recycled item
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Four “R’s”• Recycle
– USE THE BINS!– Paper is the most recycled item– Primary/Closed Loop Recycling
• Waste is recycled into new products of same type
– old cans into new cans, old newspaper into new newspaper
– Secondary/Open Loop Recycling• Convert waste materials into different products
– Newspapers into cellulose insulation
– Preconsumer/Internal Wastes• wastes from manufacturing process
– Postconsumer/External Wastes• wastes generated by the consumer
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