unit vii: urban geo. central places: service centers for local hinterlands transportation centers:...
TRANSCRIPT
UNIT VII: Urban GeoUNIT VII: Urban Geo
Central places: service centers for local hinterlands
Transportation centers: break-of-bulk functions
Specialized-function cities: dominated by one activity
3 basic types of cities:
metropolitan areametropolitan area: continuously built-up urban area
suburbssuburbs: extensive commuters residential land use
primate city: one disproportionately larger city in a country (Ex: Paris, Mexico City, Lagos)
rank-size rule: inverse relationship between size of a city & its urban rank
- 2nd largest city = ½ size of biggest
Economic Base Theory
Basic Sector: businesses dependent upon sales outside the city
Non-basic Sector: jobs dependent upon basic sector (grocery store, barber, drycleaners, restaurants)
multiplier effect: increase in basic jobs increases non-basic jobs…
World cities: play a key role in the global economy (London, New York, Tokyo)
– financial centers– most have large pops.
Megacities: over 10 million
– over ½ of 20 largest cities today are in developing world
Problems: internal migration, slums, informal economies, poverty, crime, child labor, water, sewage
EXPLODING AGGLOMERATIONS2004: World’s top 10 cities
1. Tokyo 33.9m2. Mexico City 22.1m3. Seoul 22.0m4. New York 21.7m5. Sao Paulo 19.9m6. Mumbai 19.2m7. Delhi 18.7m8. Los Angeles 17.6m9. Osaka 16.7m10. Jakarta 16.6m
Mexico City
Cuautepec- exurb of Mexico City
Walter Christaller’sCentral Place Theory
1. nested hexagons show a hierarchal ranking of market areas
hinterland: rural area outside urban areas
2. range of services: maximum distance consumers travel
* luxury items: longer range
3. Threshold pop.: minimum # of consumers to support a business
Central Place Assumptions:
1. orderly hierarchy
2. places of the same size equally spaced
3. larger cities farther apart
Classic Urban Land Use Models:
Concentric Zone ModelSector ModelMultiple Nuclei Model
• created by Ernest Burgess (1920s)• urban land use as concentric rings • “intensive” CBD in center… “extensive” suburbs on edge
Concentric Zone Weaknesses:
• too simple
• developed only for American cities
• assumes public transit
• highways/cars allowed increased mobility
Sector Model• Homer HoytHoyt (1939) stated land use patterns defined
by “sectoral wedges”
• “transportation corridors” impacts land use
• better transport = more expensive land
Multiple Nuclei Model• Harris & Ullman (1945) see cities as multi-nucleated
w/ CBD @ center & smaller satellite CBD’s on edge
• applies to newer, faster-growing cities (Miami, L.A.)
Inner City “Ghettoes”
1. became overcrowded, expensive, crime-ridden by 1940’s
2. “filtering”: expensive older houses subdivided for low-income families
3. “White Flight”: process of higher income whites moving out of city centers to suburbs
4. low-income public housing
Suburbanization
• “decentralization” of city centers• popularity of automobile• “sprawl”: residential neighborhoods away
from CBD
edge cities: suburbs with their own CBD
greenbelts: open space for public use in suburbs
Public Policy & Suburbs
1. Gov’t policies:
• Highway Acts (1916, 1956)• FHA 30-year mortgage (1934)• GI Bill (1944)
* post-WW II “BABY BOOM” = more families
Gentrificationcgentrification: the movement of middle class people into deteriorated areas of city centers
– begins in rundown “hoods”– inner city cheaper than suburbs
Urban “revitalization”/”renewal”:Urban “revitalization”/”renewal”:
– “renewing” rotting downtown waterfronts
European CitiesEuropean Cities• central cities• wealthy live in city center• higher poverty/crime/ethnic enclaves in suburbs
Latin American CitiesLatin American Cities
• fastest urban growth in world• central plaza• wealthy live close to major blvd. near CBD• Poor live in outskirts or “disamenity sector” (lack of facilities)– “in situ accretion”: transition to slums & squatters
African CitiesAfrican Cities• N. Africa: Islamic architecture• S. Africa: remnants of apartheid (blacks segregated in
“townships”)
Asian Cities:Asian Cities:• centered around ports• open-air bazaar markets
Johannesburg, South Africa
Lagos, Nigeria