unit2 evolution mgmt
TRANSCRIPT
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History and Evolution Of
Management Thought
CHAPTER-2
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Objetives of The Cha!ter
To "nderstand
Early Approaches to management
Classical Approach
Behavioral Approach
Quantitative Approach
Modern Approaches to management
Emerging approaches in management thought.
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Introduction
Both theory and history are indispensable
tools for managing contemporary
organizations.
A theory is a conceptual framewor for
organizing nowledge that provides a
blueprint for various courses of action.
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Early A!!roahes to Management
#ame Period Contribution
!obert "wen $%%$-$&'& Pro!osed legislative reforms toim!rove (or)ing onditions of labor
CharlesBabbage
$%*2-$&%$ Advoated the one!t or +divisionof labor,
Andrew #re $%%&-$&'% Advoated the study ofmanagement
Charles $upin $%&-$&%.
%enry !.&owne $&-$*2 Em!hasi/ed the need to onsidermanagement as se!arated field ofstudy and the im!ortane ofbusiness s)ills for running abusiness0
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Classial A!!roah
*orms the foundation for the field of
management
&he schools for management thoughts are3 )cientific Management
Administrative &heory
Bureaucratic Management
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C(A))ICA( A--!"AC%
4. )CIE+&I*IC MA+A,EME+&5*./. &A1("!
6 -iece rate incentive system
6 &ime and motion study
6 ,antt scheduling chart5%enry (aurence ,antt7. A$MI+I)&!A&IE &%E"!15 %E+!1 *A1"(
6 &echnical
6 Commercial
6 *inancial6 )ecurity
6 Accounting
6 managerial
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C(A))ICA( A--!"AC%
8. B#!EA#C!A&IC MA+A,EME+&5 MA2
/EBE!
6 /or specialization and division of labor
6 Abstract rules and regulations
6 Impersonality of managers
6 %ierarchy of organization structure
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1ientifi Management
Early $*s
It is defined as 9that ind of management
which conducts a business or affairs by
standards established: by facts or truthsgained through systematic observation:
e;periment: or reasoning.@
&wo maor managerial practices3
-iece5rate incentive system
&ime5and5motion study
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4ran) and 6illian 7illbreth
4>>547D
Motion study involves finding out thebest seuence and minimumnumber of motions needed tocomplete a tas.
E;plore new ways for eliminatingunnecessary motions and reducingwor fatigue.
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HE#R8 607A#TT9$&:$-$*$*;
/ell nown for &as F and 5 bonus
system 5&he ,antt chart
If the worer completed the wor
fast: i.e.: in less than the standardtime: he received a bonus.
It is a )imple chart that compares
actual and planned performances.
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6imitations of
1ientifi Management
$o not focus on the management of an
organization from a manager0s point of
view.
people were 9rational< and were motivated
primarily by the desire for material gain.
It also ignored the human desire for ob
satisfaction.
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Administrative Theory3
It focused on principles that could be
used by managers to coordinate the
internal activities of organizations. %enri *ayol =4>D4547G@
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Henri 4ayol 9$&$-$*2';
*ourteen principles3
$ivision of wor
Authority and responsibility
$iscipline
#nity of command
#nity of direction
)ubordination of theindividual interest to the
general interest
!emuneration
Centralization3
)calar chain "rder
Euity
)tability
Initiative Espirit de corps
=team spirit@
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6imitations of
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%A/&%"!+E )$IE)
6 Illumination studies
6 !elay assembly room study
6 Ban wiring room study
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Contributions of >5488
Advocated the concept of Hpowersharing0 and integration
Elton Mayo 4>>5488
foundation for the %uman !elationsMovement
AbrahamMaslow
4J> F4?J
motivated by a hierarchy of needs
$ouglasMc,regor 4J54D &heory 2 and &heory 1 personalities
Chris Argyris 5 Classified organizations based onthe employees0 set of values
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Mary Par)er 4ollet 9$&:&-$*..;
-ower: according to *ollet: was the ability
to influence and bring about a change.
Concept of integration: which involves
finding a solution acceptable to all group
members
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Elton Mayo 9$&:&-$*..;
-re5udgment *indings
'ob performancedepends on the
individual worer
&he group is the ey factorsin ob performance
*atigue is the mainfactor affectingoutput.
-erceived meaning andimportance of the wordetermining output.
Management setsproduction standards
/orplace culture sets itsown production standards.
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Abraham Maslo(
%is theory rested on these assumptions.
-hysiological needs
)afety or security needs
Belongingness or social needs
Esteem or status needs
)elf actualization or self5fulfillment needs.
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Maslow0s +eed %ierarchy
)elf actualization needs
Esteem needs
)ocial needs
)afety needs
-hysiological needs
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=ouglas Mgregor
Theory > Theory 8
Most -eople disliewor
/or is a natural activitylie play.
Most -eople must becoerced and threatenedbefore they wor.
-eople are capable of selfdirection and self control
Most people prefer tobe directed. &hey avoidresponsibility and havelittle ambition.
-eople become committedto organizationalobectives if they arerewarded in doing so.
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Chris Argyris
Maturity F immaturity theory
6 -eople progress from a stage of immaturity
and dependence to a state of maturity andindependence.
6 Model I and Model II organization analysis.
4. Model I organization are manipulative7. Model II organization are open to learning
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?uantitative A!!roah
It includes the application of statistics:
optimization models: information models
and computer simulations. More
specifically: this approach focuses onachieving organizational effectiveness.
&hree main branches3
Management )cience "perations Management and
Management Information )ystems.
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Management 1iene
It stresses the use of mathematical
models and statistical methods for
decision5maing.
Another name is the "perations
!esearch.
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O!erations Management
It deals with the effective management
of the production process and the
timely delivery of an organization0s
products and services.
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Management
@nformation 1ystems
Management information systems
focuses on designing and
implementing computer5based
information systems for business
organizations.
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Modern A!!roahes
to Management
)ystems &heory
Contingency &heory
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1ystems Theory
Resoures
(abor Materials Capital Machinery Information
Managerial and
Tehnologial
Abilities -lanning "rganizing )taffing
(eading Controlling &echnology
,oods
)ervices -rofits and
losses Employee satisfaction
Inputs &ransformation process "utputs
*eedbac
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Contingeny Theory
1ystems ie(!oint
%ow the parts fits
together6Individual
6,roup6"rganization6environment
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Emerging A!!roahes @n
Management Thought
/illiam "uchi: outlined new theory called&heory K.
It is the blend of positive aspects of both
American and 'apanese management styles. Quality Management is a managementapproach that directs the efforts ofmanagement towards bringing about
continuous improvement in product andservice uality to achieve higher levels ofcustomer satisfaction and build customerloyalty.
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+ow you are familiar with
6 $ifferent classification of managementapproaches
6 A few theorists and theories
6 Early Approaches to Management6 Classical Approach
6 Behavioral Approach
6 Quantitative Approach6 Modern Approaches to management
6 Emerging approaches in management
thought.
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&han youLLL