United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 1

United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians

United Keetoowah Band

of Cherokee Indians

Flag of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians

Total population

14,300[1]

Regions with significant populations

United States ( Oklahoma)

Languages

English, Cherokee

Religion

Christianity (Southern Baptist), Kituwah,Four Mothers Society

Related ethnic groups

other Cherokee tribes

The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma ( or AnigiduwagiAnitsalagi, abbreviated UKB) is a federally recognized tribe of Cherokee Indians headquartered in Tahlequah,Oklahoma. According to the UKB website, its members are mostly descendants of "Old Settlers", Cherokee whomigrated to Arkansas and Oklahoma about 1817, before the forced relocation of Cherokee from the Southeast in the1830s under the Indian Removal Act. Many of its members are traditionalists and Baptists.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AUKBflag_%2528bordered%2529.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Oklahoma.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oklahomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Baptisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four_Mothers_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cherokeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federally_recognized_tribeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cherokeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahlequah%2C_Oklahomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahlequah%2C_Oklahomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_removalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Removal_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baptist

United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 2

GovernmentToday the UKB has over 14,300 members, with 13,300 living within the state of Oklahoma. Their elected Chief isGeorge G. Wickliffe, serving a four-year term.[1] Charles Locust is the Assistant Chief.[2] Tim Goodvoice is theirexecutive director of tribal operations.[3]

Economic development

UKB Tribal Complex, West Willis Road, Tahlequah

The tribe owns and operates KeetoowahConstruction in Tahlequah, and theKeetoowah Treatment Center in Tulsa,Oklahoma.[1] They have an arts and craftsgallery, showcasing members' work. Theyrun the Keetoowah Cherokee Casino, withover 500 gaming machines, in Tahlequah.[4]

The UKB issue their own tribal vehicle tags.Their estimated annual economic impact is $267 million.[1] They host an annual homecoming festival over the firstweekend of October.[3]

OriginsThe word Keetoowah (Kituwa) is the name of an ancient Cherokee mother town and earthwork mound in the easternhomeland of the Cherokee. Kituwah also is considered to be the original name of the Cherokee people.[5]

HistoryAccording to the UKB website, its members are composed primarily of the descendants of the "Old Settlers,"Cherokee who settled in present-day Arkansas and Oklahoma around 1817, before the bulk of Cherokee wereforcibly relocated to Indian Territory in the 1838 Trail of Tears,[5] as well as Cherokees who walked the Trail ofTears.By the 1880s all Cherokee people faced increased assimilation efforts by the US government. During the late 19thand early 20th centuries, Cherokee and other Native American children were sent to Indian boarding schools awayfrom home for their education: they were expected to speak only English, were generally prohibited from speakingtheir own languages, and were expected to adopt Christianity rather than practice native spirituality. The US federalgovernment unilaterally closed and seized Cherokee and other Native American governmental and public institutionsthrough the 1898 Curtis Act, the Dawes Act and the 1906 Five Civilized Tribes Act, by which they broke upcommunal tribal holdings and allotted plots of land to individual households.[6]

The Dawes Commission was tasked to forced assimilation and break up tribal governments by instilling the conceptof land ownership with individual members of the Five Civilized Tribes. The commission divided large sections ofland into tribal allotments in an effort to eliminate the traditional governments of the Cherokee, which at that timewere based on a communal form of government with the lands being controlled by the tribal government. The USgovernment appointed Cherokee chiefs to administer tribal lands and holdings.

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United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 3

Federal recognition

Virginia Stroud, enrolled UKB member, acceptsan award for her artwork, Cherokee Heritage

Center, Park Hill, Oklahoma, 2007

Under the Curtis Act of 1898, the government of the Cherokee Nationwas dissolved in 1906, in spite of the resistance of many of itsmembers. The only remnant left was the office of the Principal Chief,held by William Charles Rogers, who had earlier been deposed by theNational Council in 1905 for cooperating on the tribe's dissolution andreplaced with Frank J. Boudinot (who was also the leader of theKeetoowah Nighthawk Society); Rogers was re-imposed upon theCherokee Nation by the federal government the next year in order tocarry out land sales and held office until 1914, after which the positionwas dormant.[7]

The Indian Reorganization Act (1934) and Oklahoma Indian WelfareAct (OIWA, 1936) were passed in the 1930s, under the Indian NewDeal to facilitate tribes reorganizing their governments. Many of themore traditional members of the former Cherokee Nation began toorganize under their terms. In the meantime, the President of theUnited States started Principal Chiefs for the Cherokee. The UKB wasapproved in 1950 under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act. Earlyelected leaders of the UKB were Levi Gritts, followed by John Hitcherand the Reverend Jim Pickup, who served in the post-World War IIera.[8]

Conflict with the Cherokee Nation

The UKB was the federally recognized organization by which all the Cherokee people received federal assistanceand were dealt with on federal programs. The UKB was able to secure federal funds for the Cherokee NationComplex, which today houses the Cherokee Nation government. The UKB also started the Cherokee NationalHoliday, in conjunction with the Principal Chief's office. The Cherokee Nation Housing Authority was begun usingUKB's federal status.After the Cherokee Nation received approval of their constitution in 1975, their relationship with the UKB soured.They evicted the UKB from the offices at the tribal complex in Tahlequah.The Wilma Mankiller and Chad Smith administrations have had many conflicts with UKB leadership. Smith was amember of the UKB, but due to these issues, the tribe revoked his membership in 2005.

UKB membershipThe United Keetoowah Band maintains a one-quarter-blood requirement for members.[1] The United KeetoowahBand requires all members to have verifiable Cherokee descent either from a person or people on the Dawes Roll orthe UKB Base Roll of 1949.[9]

The UKB, beginning in the 1970s, gave some people honorary associate members, to recognize their services to thenation. Such memberships did not entitle the persons to voting or any other tribal rights, and had nothing to do withclaims of Cherokee ancestry. Associate memberships were given in honorary appreciation to several people, but thetribe ended this practice in 1994. While some such recipients were given a tribal enrollment card with a number, theywere never considered official members of the tribe, and did not receive tribal benefits. They no longer appear onofficial tribal rolls. Former President Bill Clinton is a notable associate member.

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United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 4

Ward ChurchillWard Churchill, a former Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of Colorado, has long claimed to be of Indiandescent."[10][11] In 1992, Churchill wrote elsewhere that he is one-eighth Creek and one-sixteenth Cherokee.[12] Hewas granted honorary associate membership in the UKB.[13] His public statements that he was a member of the UKBcreated controversy, because Churchill failed to distinguish tribal enrollment from honorary associate membership.He has made a career in writing and speaking about issues related to Native Americans, and has contended that hehas varying amounts of Indian ancestry. During an intense period of controversy, news organizations were unable tofind any evidence of any Indian ancestry.Churchill does not possess an issued Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB); he is not eligible for any federalbenefits reserved for Native Americans. The UKB stated in 2005 that he is not eligible for official membership in thetribe because he cannot satisfy the blood quantum requirement.[14]

Legal issues

UKB Jim Proctor Elder Community Center, Tahlequah

The State of Oklahoma sued the UKBin federal court for operating illegalgaming facilities off Bureau of IndianAffairs-approved tribal trust lands.According to briefs submitted by theCherokee Nation, the UKB own notribal lands in federal trust. The lawsuitis currently pending in the federalcourts in Oklahoma and has beenrecently remanded to the NationalIndian Gaming Commission forreview.[15]

During the State of Oklahoma lawsuit pertaining to the UKB's alleged illegal casino operations, an Indian casino thathas been operating for approximately 19 years[16], the UKB was accused of attempting to sue the Cherokee Nation.The Cherokee Nation said the UKB had sued to demand cession of tribal land allotments to them in order to buildcasinos. These lawsuits were also dismissed.

The UKB has sued the United States for a share of the proceeds under HR-3534, a bill that required the United Statesto compensate the Cherokee Nation and two other Oklahoma tribes with claims to the disclaimed drybed lands of theArkansas River. The legislation set aside ten percent of each tribe's share of the settlement for other claimant tribes;it afforded other claimant tribes an opportunity to file claims within 180 days of the legislation. The UKB filed suitagainst the United States. The Cherokee Nation moved to intervene and to dismiss the UKB suit. It contended thatthe Cherokee Nation is an indispensable party and that it cannot be joined in the litigation because of its sovereignimmunity. The Court of Claims granted both of the Cherokee Nation's motions. On April 14, 2006, on appeal, theUnited States sided with the UKB against the Cherokee Nation's request for dismissal. The Court of Federal Claimsheard the appeal on November 8, 2006.[17]

In June 2004, the UKB requested that the BIA take into trust land which it owned on a fee basis, a 76-acreCommunity Services Parcel. The case has been studied and the request was originally denied, but the UKB appealed.In May 2011, the BIA finally announced its decision to take into trust for the UKB 76 acres of land in Tahlequah,which include several of its community centers and the sacred dance ground. The tribe will no longer be landless.[18]

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ward_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Colorado_at_Boulderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Degree_of_Indian_Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AUkb_elder_center.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Indian_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Indian_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Indian_Gaming_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Indian_Gaming_Commissionhttp://www.unitedkeetoowahband.org/Documents/Newspapers/7-05.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_River

United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 5

Notable UKB members Robert J. Conley (United Keetoowah Band-Cherokee Nation), historian and novelist, b. 1940 David Cornsilk (United Keetoowah Band-Cherokee Nation), legal activist and genealogist Virginia Stroud (United Keetoowah Band-Muscogee Creek), artist and former Miss Indian America, b. 1951

Notes[1] 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory. (http:/ / www. ok. gov/ oiac/ documents/ 2011. FINAL. WEB. pdf) Oklahoma

Indian Affairs Commission. 2011: 37. Retrieved 8 Feb 2012.[2] United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma. (http:/ / www. keetoowahcherokee. org/ ) (retrieved 8 February 2009)[3] Goodvoice, Christina. "United Keetoowah Band holds annual celebration". (http:/ / www. cherokeephoenix. org/ 20780/ Article. aspx)

Cherokee Phoenix. (retrieved 2 Nov 2009)[4] Keetoowah Cherokee Casino. (http:/ / 500nations. com/ casinos/ okKeetoowah. asp) 500 Nations. (retrieved 2 Nov 2009[5] Clough, Josh. United Keetoowah Band. (http:/ / digital. library. okstate. edu/ encyclopedia/ entries/ U/ UN006. html) Oklahoma History

Center's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. (retrieved 2 Nov 2009)[6] Bruce, Louis R. "Powers, Rights and Limitations of the UKB under Federal Law." (https:/ / docs. google. com/ viewer?a=v&

q=cache:jd7gLDM_6a0J:www. ukb-nsn. gov/ documents/ 07-11. pdf+ & hl=en& gl=us& pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgl2Zvy-VXG57Wz59QgPfnRTH4I-WaGQ-hEnjtJ8eqcun4Lc6wm4kI37fyL7K42g0dXBqmUlJBTy8FFX1HTB9mWlm1Pkzh6TOBaVVY8vQcWzNAELMd6XTSDm6qv45piT38aaNtS&sig=AHIEtbRT6gOZvm3VMkyVBJAon-EemGAkwQ) Gaduwa Cherokee News. July 2011: 2. Retrieved 21 Dec 2011.

[7] Chronicles of Oklahoma Volume 15, No. 3 http:/ / digital. library. okstate. edu/ Chronicles/ v015/ v015p253. html[8][8] Meredith, 97-8[9] "Enrollment." (http:/ / www. ukb-nsn. gov/ enrollment. html) United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma. Retrieved 21 Dec

2011.[10] Ward Churchill (2003). "An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial" (http:/ / www. sdonline. org/ 33/ ward_churchill. htm).

Socialism and Democracy 17 (2): 2576. doi:10.1080/08854300308428341. . Retrieved 2011-12-21.[11] "Ward Churchill" (http:/ / www. colorado. edu/ EthnicStudies/ faculty/ churchill. html). Ethnic Studies (http:/ / www. colorado. edu/

EthnicStudies/ ). University of Colorado. . Retrieved 2011-12-21.[12] Jaimes, M. Annette (1992). "Federal Indian Identification Policy: A Usurpation of Indigenous Sovereignty in North America" (http:/ /

books. google. com/ books?as_isbn=0896084248). In Jaimes, M. Annette (ed.). The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization andResistance. Boston: South End Press. pp.123138. ISBN0-89608-424-8. . Churchill told the University of Colorado investigative committeethat he wrote this essay in its entirety.

[13] Charlie Brennan (2005-05-18). "Tribe snubs prof: Cherokee band says Churchill's claim of membership a fraud" (http:/ / www.rockymountainnews. com/ news/ 2005/ may/ 18/ tribe-snubs-prof/ ). Rocky Mountain News. .

[14] Brennan, Charlie (2005-05-21). "Tribe clarifies stance on prof" (http:/ / www. rockymountainnews. com/ news/ 2005/ may/ 21/tribe-clarifies-stance-on-prof/ ). Rocky Mountain News. . Retrieved 2009-03-10.

[15] Official Site of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians - Federally Recognized (http:/ / www. unitedkeetoowahband. org)[16] http:/ / www. unitedkeetoowahband. org/ Documents/ Newspapers/ 7-05. pdf[17] (http:/ / www. unitedkeetoowahband. org/ Documents/ Newspapers/ 5-06. pdf)[18] United Keetoowah Band has reasons to rejoice on its 61st anniversary" (http:/ / www. unitedkeetoowahband. org/ ), United Keetoowah Band

Website, accessed 22 November 2011

References Leeds, Georgia Rae. "The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma." American University

Studies. Series IX, Vol. 184, 199. Meredith, Howard L. Bartley Milam: Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Muskogee, OK: Indian University

Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0-940392-17-5

External links United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (http:/ / www. unitedkeetoowahband. org), official website United Keetoowah Band (http:/ / digital. library. okstate. edu/ encyclopedia/ entries/ U/ UN006. html), article on

the Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Burning Phoenix by Allogan Slagle (http:/ / www. thepeoplespaths. net/ articles/ BurningPhoenix. htm) Corporate Charter of the United Keetoowah Band (http:/ / thorpe. ou. edu/ IRA/ keechrtr. html)

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_J._Conleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Cornsilkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Stroudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_Creekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_Indian_Americahttp://www.ok.gov/oiac/documents/2011.FINAL.WEB.pdfhttp://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/http://www.cherokeephoenix.org/20780/Article.aspxhttp://500nations.com/casinos/okKeetoowah.asphttp://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/U/UN006.htmlhttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:jd7gLDM_6a0J:www.ukb-nsn.gov/documents/07-11.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgl2Zvy-VXG57Wz59QgPfnRTH4I-WaGQ-hEnjtJ8eqcun4Lc6wm4kI37fyL7K42g0dXBqmUlJBTy8FFX1HTB9mWlm1Pkzh6TOBaVVY8vQcWzNAELMd6XTSDm6qv45piT38aaNtS&sig=AHIEtbRT6gOZvm3VMkyVBJAon-EemGAkwQhttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:jd7gLDM_6a0J:www.ukb-nsn.gov/documents/07-11.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgl2Zvy-VXG57Wz59QgPfnRTH4I-WaGQ-hEnjtJ8eqcun4Lc6wm4kI37fyL7K42g0dXBqmUlJBTy8FFX1HTB9mWlm1Pkzh6TOBaVVY8vQcWzNAELMd6XTSDm6qv45piT38aaNtS&sig=AHIEtbRT6gOZvm3VMkyVBJAon-EemGAkwQhttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:jd7gLDM_6a0J:www.ukb-nsn.gov/documents/07-11.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgl2Zvy-VXG57Wz59QgPfnRTH4I-WaGQ-hEnjtJ8eqcun4Lc6wm4kI37fyL7K42g0dXBqmUlJBTy8FFX1HTB9mWlm1Pkzh6TOBaVVY8vQcWzNAELMd6XTSDm6qv45piT38aaNtS&sig=AHIEtbRT6gOZvm3VMkyVBJAon-EemGAkwQhttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:jd7gLDM_6a0J:www.ukb-nsn.gov/documents/07-11.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgl2Zvy-VXG57Wz59QgPfnRTH4I-WaGQ-hEnjtJ8eqcun4Lc6wm4kI37fyL7K42g0dXBqmUlJBTy8FFX1HTB9mWlm1Pkzh6TOBaVVY8vQcWzNAELMd6XTSDm6qv45piT38aaNtS&sig=AHIEtbRT6gOZvm3VMkyVBJAon-EemGAkwQhttp://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v015/v015p253.htmlhttp://www.ukb-nsn.gov/enrollment.htmlhttp://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htmhttp://www.colorado.edu/EthnicStudies/faculty/churchill.htmlhttp://www.colorado.edu/EthnicStudies/http://www.colorado.edu/EthnicStudies/http://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=0896084248http://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=0896084248http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_End_Presshttp://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/may/18/tribe-snubs-prof/http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/may/18/tribe-snubs-prof/http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/may/21/tribe-clarifies-stance-on-prof/http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/may/21/tribe-clarifies-stance-on-prof/http://www.unitedkeetoowahband.orghttp://www.unitedkeetoowahband.org/Documents/Newspapers/7-05.pdfhttp://www.unitedkeetoowahband.org/Documents/Newspapers/5-06.pdfhttp://www.unitedkeetoowahband.org/http://www.unitedkeetoowahband.orghttp://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/U/UN006.htmlhttp://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/BurningPhoenix.htmhttp://thorpe.ou.edu/IRA/keechrtr.html

Article Sources and Contributors 6

Article Sources and ContributorsUnited Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=496966748 Contributors: Aaron Walden, Antandrus, Appraiser, Aristophanes68, Asarelah,BigHaz, Biruitorul, Briaboru, BrokenSpectre, Civil Engineer III, Climent Sostres, Davidlroot, DragonHawk, Edward321, Erik9, Evans1982, Flewis, Gaius Cornelius, Getaway, Gjs238, Gurch,Harmil, Himasaram, InaMaka, Jcornsilk, Jeffrey Vernon Merkey, Jisdu, Kelly Martin, Khatru2, Khoikhoi, LightingBug, LilHelpa, Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters, MECU, Mild Bill Hiccup, Muspud2,Natty4bumpo, Odestiny, Onopearls, Parkwells, Paul A, PeyoteMan, PoccilScript, Pokey5945, Reedy, Rjwilmsi, SEWilco, Skeele, Skylark48, Sogospelman, Stephenb, Swatjester, Tangotango,UKB Historic Preservation, Uyvsdi, Vis-a-visconti, Waya sahoni, Whosear, WillOakland, 56 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:UKBflag (bordered).png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:UKBflag_(bordered).png License: Public Domain Contributors: Jim MayFile:Flag of the United States.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Oklahoma.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Anime Addict AA, Denelson83, Dzordzm,Fry1989, Homo lupus, Pagrashtak, Rocket000, Svgalbertian, Trijnstel, Xenophon, Zscout370, 5 anonymous editsFile:Ukb tribal complex.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukb_tribal_complex.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: UyvsdiFile:Virginia stround ukb.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Virginia_stround_ukb.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: UyvsdiFile:Ukb elder center.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukb_elder_center.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Uyvsdi

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United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee IndiansGovernmentEconomic developmentOrigins History Federal recognition Conflict with the Cherokee NationUKB membershipWard Churchill

Legal issues Notable UKB membersNotesReferencesExternal links

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