united kingdom prezentace

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    Capital: London

    Area: nearly245,000

    square km

    Population: 60 million

    inhabitants

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    BASIC FACTS

    Situated in the north-west of Europe,

    on the Island ofGreat Britain, the northern part of

    Ireland and more than 5,000 smaller islands

    Surrounded by theNo

    rth Sea, the Atlantic Ocean,English Channel and the Irish Sea

    The U.K. consists of four areas:

    England (London)

    Wales (Cardiff)

    Scotland (Edinburgh)

    Northern Ireland (Belfast)

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    Great Britain can be divided into two main regions:

    1. Lowland Britain:

    In the East there is a plain with hills only about 200m high

    (Cotswolds, Chilterns, North and South Downs)

    In the western part the hills are a little higher(Exmoor, Dartmoor)

    2. Highland Britain:

    The most important range in England is that ofPennines which is

    mostly about 600m high

    The highest mountains in England are the Cumbrian Mountains (inthe Lake District) with the highest peak ofScafell Pike 978m)

    But the highest mountains at all are the Grampian Mountains in

    Scotland (the highest peak is Ben Nevis 1343m above the sea level)

    MOUNTAINS

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    Scenery from Cleeve Hill in

    Cotswolds

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    Exmoor scenery

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    Location

    of thePennines

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    Typical Pennines scenery

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    Scafell Pike in Cumbrian

    Mountains

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    Ben Nevis

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    RIVERS AND LAKES The longest rivers in England are: Severn (354km)

    Thames (336km)

    The longest river in Scotland is: Tay (193km)

    (famous salmon river)

    The longest river at all is the Shannon riverin Ireland(386km)

    Most lakes can be found in:

    Lake District (e.g. Windermere Lake)Northern Scotland (Loch Lomond and Loch Ness)

    The largest lakes are in Northern Ireland:

    Lough Neagh

    Lough Erne

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    Lake Windermere (England)

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    Loch Ness

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    CLIMATE

    Winters are not very cold and summers are not very hot

    Winters are mild thanks to the warm Gulf Stream thatflows from the Gulf of Mexico to western Europe

    During the year there is a high rainfall

    Britain is known for its fogs that usually develop in winter

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    INDUSTRY

    The U.K. is concentrated on heavy industries such as:

    shipbuilding

    coal mining

    steel production

    textiles

    The service sector of the U.K. is dominated by financialservices (especially banking and insurance)

    London is the worlds largest financial centre

    The U.K. is the fifth largest economy in the world,

    and the second largest in Europe afterGermany

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    Political system

    The U.K. is a constitutional monarchy The formal head of the state is Her Majesty

    Queen Elizabeth II

    In fact the country is governed - in her name by theGovernment which is responsible to Parliament

    The UKs head of government is Prime Minister(since May 2010 - David William Donald Cameron, the leaderof the Conservative Party, and the First Lord of the Treasury)

    The UKs three major political parties are:

    the Labour Partythe Conservative Party

    the Liberal Democrats

    Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales each has itsown government or Executive (=vkonn vbor)

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    Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh

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    The National Assembly for

    Wales in Cardiff)

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    THE LARGEST CITIES

    By population the largest

    cities are:

    London Birmingham

    Liverpool

    Leeds

    Sheffield

    Bristol

    Manchester

    The most important ports are:

    Felixstowe /fi:lkstuv/(on the East coast)

    Tilbury /tlbr/ (nearLondon)

    Southampton

    Aberdeen (Scotland)

    Belfast

    Cardiff

    Dover( the worlds

    busiest passenger port)

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    Birmingham

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    Liverpool

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    Port of Dover

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    HISTORY Originally there were tribes ofCelts on the British Isles

    Then the Roman period followed (43 410AD)

    To prevent attacks from the North the Romans built Hadrians Wall

    (in 122 AD)

    Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes conquered the area and

    the Anglo-Saxon period started (410-1066AD)

    The Anglo-Saxons divided the area into kingdoms

    In the 9th century the Danes and the Norsemen (Vikings) attackedEngland, they succeeded in the North and East but in the South

    (Wessex) the Anglo-Saxon king Alfred the Great stopped their

    invasion

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    When another king Edward the Confessor - died in 1066

    William the Conqueror landed on the South coast and won the

    battle ofHastings he was crowned at Christmas 1066

    =Norman conquest

    The Wars of the Roses took place in the 15th century

    They were the wars between the House of Yorkand the House

    ofLancaster the battles lasted nearly 85 years

    In 1485 the Tudor Age started (and lasted till 1603) when HenryTudor won the battle of Bosworth and so ended the Wars of theRoses; he became King Henry VII

    Another famous king of that age was Henry VIII (1509-1547)who had six wives and established the Church of England

    http://tudorhistory.org/wives/

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    His daughterElizabeth I (the Virgin Queen, 1558-1603))started the age called the Elizabethan Age

    Then a Stuart King James I (1603-1625) united England andScotland underPersonal Union in 1603

    During the Charles Is reign (1625-1649) there were fightsbetween the King and the Parliament the civil war waswon by the Parliament and Charles I was executed

    1649 the republic was established the Commonwealth of

    England

    1653 Oliver Cromwell dissolved the Parliament and becamethe Lord Protector

    1659 the Monarchy established again (Charles II )

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    In 1689 the Bill ofRights definitely put the power

    into the hands of the Parliament

    In 1707 the formal union of England and Scotland wasestablished

    At the end of the 18th century England became the richestcountry in the world

    In 1801 Ireland joined to form the UK ofGreat Britainand Ireland

    From 1803 to 1815 there was the Napoleonic Warbetween Britain and France

    Admiral Nelson defeated the French at Trafalgar in 1805

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    In 1815 the French were definitely defeated by Wellingtonat the Battle of Waterloo

    In the 19th century Britain took part in the Crimean War

    In the 20th century Britain was involved into both worldwars

    In 1922 the Republic of Ireland became independent butUlster(Northern Ireland) remained within UK

    In 1927 the name was changed into The UK ofGB and

    Northern Ireland

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    The last war which Britain had to fight was in 1982 when

    Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands - but Britain won

    the conflict

    Since 1997 we can talk about Post-devolution Britain

    because the Scottish Parliament and the National Assembly

    in Wales were established