united kingdom prezentace
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Capital: London
Area: nearly245,000
square km
Population: 60 million
inhabitants
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BASIC FACTS
Situated in the north-west of Europe,
on the Island ofGreat Britain, the northern part of
Ireland and more than 5,000 smaller islands
Surrounded by theNo
rth Sea, the Atlantic Ocean,English Channel and the Irish Sea
The U.K. consists of four areas:
England (London)
Wales (Cardiff)
Scotland (Edinburgh)
Northern Ireland (Belfast)
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Great Britain can be divided into two main regions:
1. Lowland Britain:
In the East there is a plain with hills only about 200m high
(Cotswolds, Chilterns, North and South Downs)
In the western part the hills are a little higher(Exmoor, Dartmoor)
2. Highland Britain:
The most important range in England is that ofPennines which is
mostly about 600m high
The highest mountains in England are the Cumbrian Mountains (inthe Lake District) with the highest peak ofScafell Pike 978m)
But the highest mountains at all are the Grampian Mountains in
Scotland (the highest peak is Ben Nevis 1343m above the sea level)
MOUNTAINS
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Scenery from Cleeve Hill in
Cotswolds
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Exmoor scenery
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Location
of thePennines
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Typical Pennines scenery
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Scafell Pike in Cumbrian
Mountains
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Ben Nevis
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RIVERS AND LAKES The longest rivers in England are: Severn (354km)
Thames (336km)
The longest river in Scotland is: Tay (193km)
(famous salmon river)
The longest river at all is the Shannon riverin Ireland(386km)
Most lakes can be found in:
Lake District (e.g. Windermere Lake)Northern Scotland (Loch Lomond and Loch Ness)
The largest lakes are in Northern Ireland:
Lough Neagh
Lough Erne
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Lake Windermere (England)
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Loch Ness
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CLIMATE
Winters are not very cold and summers are not very hot
Winters are mild thanks to the warm Gulf Stream thatflows from the Gulf of Mexico to western Europe
During the year there is a high rainfall
Britain is known for its fogs that usually develop in winter
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INDUSTRY
The U.K. is concentrated on heavy industries such as:
shipbuilding
coal mining
steel production
textiles
The service sector of the U.K. is dominated by financialservices (especially banking and insurance)
London is the worlds largest financial centre
The U.K. is the fifth largest economy in the world,
and the second largest in Europe afterGermany
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Political system
The U.K. is a constitutional monarchy The formal head of the state is Her Majesty
Queen Elizabeth II
In fact the country is governed - in her name by theGovernment which is responsible to Parliament
The UKs head of government is Prime Minister(since May 2010 - David William Donald Cameron, the leaderof the Conservative Party, and the First Lord of the Treasury)
The UKs three major political parties are:
the Labour Partythe Conservative Party
the Liberal Democrats
Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales each has itsown government or Executive (=vkonn vbor)
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Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh
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The National Assembly for
Wales in Cardiff)
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THE LARGEST CITIES
By population the largest
cities are:
London Birmingham
Liverpool
Leeds
Sheffield
Bristol
Manchester
The most important ports are:
Felixstowe /fi:lkstuv/(on the East coast)
Tilbury /tlbr/ (nearLondon)
Southampton
Aberdeen (Scotland)
Belfast
Cardiff
Dover( the worlds
busiest passenger port)
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Birmingham
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Liverpool
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Port of Dover
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HISTORY Originally there were tribes ofCelts on the British Isles
Then the Roman period followed (43 410AD)
To prevent attacks from the North the Romans built Hadrians Wall
(in 122 AD)
Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes conquered the area and
the Anglo-Saxon period started (410-1066AD)
The Anglo-Saxons divided the area into kingdoms
In the 9th century the Danes and the Norsemen (Vikings) attackedEngland, they succeeded in the North and East but in the South
(Wessex) the Anglo-Saxon king Alfred the Great stopped their
invasion
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When another king Edward the Confessor - died in 1066
William the Conqueror landed on the South coast and won the
battle ofHastings he was crowned at Christmas 1066
=Norman conquest
The Wars of the Roses took place in the 15th century
They were the wars between the House of Yorkand the House
ofLancaster the battles lasted nearly 85 years
In 1485 the Tudor Age started (and lasted till 1603) when HenryTudor won the battle of Bosworth and so ended the Wars of theRoses; he became King Henry VII
Another famous king of that age was Henry VIII (1509-1547)who had six wives and established the Church of England
http://tudorhistory.org/wives/
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His daughterElizabeth I (the Virgin Queen, 1558-1603))started the age called the Elizabethan Age
Then a Stuart King James I (1603-1625) united England andScotland underPersonal Union in 1603
During the Charles Is reign (1625-1649) there were fightsbetween the King and the Parliament the civil war waswon by the Parliament and Charles I was executed
1649 the republic was established the Commonwealth of
England
1653 Oliver Cromwell dissolved the Parliament and becamethe Lord Protector
1659 the Monarchy established again (Charles II )
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In 1689 the Bill ofRights definitely put the power
into the hands of the Parliament
In 1707 the formal union of England and Scotland wasestablished
At the end of the 18th century England became the richestcountry in the world
In 1801 Ireland joined to form the UK ofGreat Britainand Ireland
From 1803 to 1815 there was the Napoleonic Warbetween Britain and France
Admiral Nelson defeated the French at Trafalgar in 1805
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In 1815 the French were definitely defeated by Wellingtonat the Battle of Waterloo
In the 19th century Britain took part in the Crimean War
In the 20th century Britain was involved into both worldwars
In 1922 the Republic of Ireland became independent butUlster(Northern Ireland) remained within UK
In 1927 the name was changed into The UK ofGB and
Northern Ireland
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The last war which Britain had to fight was in 1982 when
Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands - but Britain won
the conflict
Since 1997 we can talk about Post-devolution Britain
because the Scottish Parliament and the National Assembly
in Wales were established