united mexican states ( estados unidos mexicanos )
DESCRIPTION
United Mexican States ( Estados Unidos Mexicanos ). Chapter 5. Territory = 1,964,375 sq km Population = 118,818,228 Ethnic Groups = mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%; Amerindian30%; White 9% Language = Spanish only 92% Religion = Roman Catholic 82%; Pentecostal 1.6%; Jehovah’s Witness 1.4%. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos)
Chapter 5
Territory = 1,964,375 sq km
Population = 118,818,228
Ethnic Groups = mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%; Amerindian30%; White 9%
Language = Spanish only 92%
Religion = Roman Catholic 82%; Pentecostal 1.6%; Jehovah’s Witness 1.4%
Independence = September 16, 1810Constitution = February 5, 1917Chief of State = President Enrique Pena NietoChief of Government = NietoBicameral Legislature- National Congress consisting of Senate and Chamber of DeputiesJudiciary = Supreme Court of JusticeFederal form of government (31 states)
GNP per capita = $13,800
GNP Growth Rate = 5%
Out migration = 3.24 people per 1,000 per year
Currency = 12 peso = US$1
Capital City = Mexico City
President = Enrique Pena Nieto
Making of the Modern Mexican State
Independence and Instability (1810-1876)
- Spanish rule for 3 centuries - 1810 Miguel Hidalgo began war for Independence (1821 Spain recognized) - 1833-1855 = 36 Presidential regimes
during this time Mexico lost half her territory legacy of resentment towards the U.S. = 1848 Treaty
- Constitution of 1857 = democratic gov., bill of rights, and limits on power of church - 1864-1867 = French rule under Emperor Maximilian - 1867 Benito Juarez executed Maximilian
The Porfiriato (1867-1911)
- 1876 Porfirio Diaz took office - Est. dictatorship known as Porfiriato
- centralized authoritarian government - cientificos
Revolution and the Sonoran Dynasty- 1910 Revolution- 1911 Francisco Madero elected President- 1913 Madero assassinated during a coup d’etat
Emilio Zapata Pancho Villa
Mexican Constitution of 1917
Established formal political institutions
Agrarian reform
Social security
Right to organize unions
Minimum wage
8 hour work day
Profit sharing
Universal education
Adult male suffrage
Sonoran Dynasty
Revolutionary leaders from the North
Capitalist model of economic reform
jefe maximo = Plutarco Elias Calles
Anticlericalism (Cristiada)
Established the Institutional RevolutionaryParty (PRI)
7 decades of uninterrupted rule and nonviolentConflict resolution
Results of the Revolution
1. Rural landowners lost power- est. of ejidos and ejidatarios
2. Catholic Church lost influence3. Foreign investment curtailed4. Emergence of political elite5. New Constitution and new party est. strong
central gov’t.
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Pendelum Effect
PRI became the only party that mattered
Left of the PRI Right of the PRI
Presidents can only serveOne term!
Power swings b/w factionsThrough choice of Pres.
Manuel Avila Camacho 1940Miguel Aleman 1946Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 1952
Right
Adolfo Lopez Mateos 1958Gustavo Diaz Ordaz 1964Luis Echeverria 1970
Left
Miguel de la Madrid 1982Carolos Salinas de Gortari 1988Ernesto Zedillo 1994
tecnicos
First social security system,Rapid industrialization, “trickle-down” economics
Limit cost of food and Housing, repress dissent,Economic problems
“moral renovation”, Democratic reform, andShift to market economy
- Limits on government role in the economy- 1993 NAFTA
Implications of Mexican Modernization
Corporatist State - interest groups as institutionalized part of the state, not independent source of advocacy - not true democracy - increased state power in relation to civil society - state defined goals for development
• PRI established political stability - Mexican model of government = alliance b/w dominant party and development-oriented state• Transforming from corporatist state to
democratic one• Upper-middle-income developing country
Current Economics of Mexico
GDP: - Industry = 32.9% - Service Sector = 62.8% - Agriculture = 4%
Mexico oil rich- government owned petroleum industry
State and EconomyState Capitalism- gov. action to encourage private investment and reduce risks for entrepreneurs
1. Import substitution Industrialization (ISI) 1940-1982 - domestic manufacturing of previously imported goods to meet market demand
- agrarian reform – develop private agriculture as foundation of industrial greatness a. Food for cities, raw materials for industry b. Transportation networks, irrigation projects, agriculture storage facilities c. Most assistance to large landowners d. invested in research e. Imports of technology
Large, commercially oriented farmers emerged to dominate ag. economy
GreenRevolution
2. Rise of domestic entrepreneurs in Mexico - protected by high tariffs and special licensing requirements = limits imports - subsidized credit to invest in equipment and plants - rarely paid taxes
Powerful players in politics
3. Labor Unions - widespread unionization - dependent on gov for benefits and protection - limited right to strike - membership + job security, housing benefits, and health care = compensation for lack of dem.
Confederation of Mexican WorkersPeasant organizations
Main cogs in PRI corporatist machine
Additional organizations: railroads, electrical, telecommunications, journalist, photographers - quasi-official organization - solidified PRI support
a. Provided tangible benefits b. “causal arrow” running “downward” from state to society c. Base for PRI to recruit grassroots leaders
4. Those left behind a. peasant farmers - farming in ejido communities was difficult
b. Urban poor - growth of informal sector c. Income disparities among urban and rural poor - rural guerilla movements and student protest
Limits on domesticmarkets
No longer able to meetDomestic demand forBasic food = imports
Sowing the Oil and Reaping a Crisis (1970s)
- Gov increased investment in infrastructure and public industries, regulated foreignInvestment, and increased social spending - spent more than they were bringing in
- 1978-1982 Mexico became major oil exporter a. President Portillo policy to “sow the oil” into economy b. 4/5 of economy from oil
Oil prices up Economy up
Global economy
Budget Deficits and Debt- PRI borrowed very little pre-1970: Total debt of $6 billion- 1976 = $26 Billion- 1982 = $80 Billion- 1987 = $107 Billion
Became one of the most indebted countries in the world = 16% of GNP in 1970 70% in 1987
The Crisis - economic strategy based on continued high oil prices - 1979-1981 oil revenue from $3.9 B to $14.5B; 75% of exports and 45% of revenue
- 1981 oil prices dropped and by 1982 on brink of collapse - inflation topped out at 159% in 1987; exchange rate 1,460 peso to $1US
Structural Reforms and NAFTA
• Free market policies put in place• Deregulation • Devolution in the federal system• NAFTA- What it means for Mexico?
Governance and Policy-Making
Congress Executive Judiciary
SenateChamber of Deputies
President and Cabinet
Supreme Court
The Executive 1. The Principle of Non-reelection (all levels of government) - What it means for the President? a. New President working with inexperienced Congress and state level officeholders b. Appoints all key bureaucratic and judicial positions = whole new team with new policy directions c. “Mexico avoids a dictatorship by retiring their dictators every 6 years”
2. Formal powers- initiate legislation, issue decrees, transfer funds, authorize expenditures3. Real source of power in informal powers a. Patronage is key; PRI created broad support; all active in PRI: all with experience4. Changes a. 1999 Pres. Zedillo did not choose his successor b. PRI began using primaries to select candidate5. PAN (National Action Party) to Executive with Vicente Fox a. Fox’s big problem in government
The LegislatureChamber of Deputies - Lower House
500 Seats - 317 men; 183 women - 300 majority deputies are elected by plurality - 200 “party deputies” appointed through rules of proportional representation - 1 deputy for every 200,000 people - renewed every 3 years (Mid-term elections)
PRI = 49 + 164 = 213 seatsPAN = 62 + 52 = 114PRD = 42 + 58 = 100PVEM = 15 + 13 = 28PT = 10 + 5 = 15PNA = 10 + 0 = 10CM = 12 + 8 = 20
Senate of Mexico - Upper House
128 Seats; 86 men; 42 women - 2 seats for each of 31 states and Federal District - 1 seat for 31 states and FD to 2nd place party - 32 at large based on share of national vote - renewed every 6 years
JudiciaryWeakest branch of government
Federal Court System:
Supreme Court - Nominated by Pres; approved by Senate
- Circuit Courts - cases on appeal
- District Courts
State Court System - subordinate to Fed Courts
Partido del TrabajoNew Alliance Party
Partido VerdeEcologista Mexicana
ElectionsPRI VOTER = rural area; small town, low education level, older and poorer than those voting for other parties
PAN VOTER = Northern state, urban, middle-class professional, high school or college education
PRD VOTER = young, political activist, elementary/high school education, central states, small town or urban
PRI will need to increase support in urban areas and among young voters to stay competitive
Presidential elections are “first past the post”Pressure for elections to be fair
Other State Institutions1. The Bureaucracy a. 1.5 million working in fed. Bureaucracy b. low level officials are unionized and protected by legislation = job security and benefits c. “confidence employees”- middle and upper level; serve as long as boss has confidence in them 1. appointed by superiors at start of new administration; modest salary, but lots of power
2. The Parastatal Sector a. semiautonomous and autonomous agencies producing goods and services b. 1982 = 1,155 parastatal organizations; 1994 = 215
3. The Military a. Generally operates outside politics b. heavily involved in combating drug trafficking c. transfer from PRI to PAN sign of military subordination to civilian control
4. Subnational Government (State and Local) a. Mexican Federal System = each state has a constitution, executive, unicameral legislature, and judiciary b. little money and lack of experience c. 1988 = all state governors PRI; 2011 = 11 states and Federal District non-PRI
Policy-Making1. President and Bureaucracy are focal point of policy and management2. Since 1997, Congress become more actively involved a. Presidents skills of negotiation, managing the opposition, using the media, and the bureaucracy are now key 3. Limits on presidential power = policy implementation a. Low level officials disagree or make deals or lack the skill to implement policy
Political Culture, Citizenship,And Identity
1. Role of media and public opinion more important now than ever a. several major tv networks; access to CNN b. expanding # of newspapers and circulation c. new magazines d. wider range of opinions today
Interests, Social Movements,And Protest
1. Accommodation a. group (interest group) expresses concern for policy or program and gov. accommodates (State Capitalism) b. PRI loss of power c. emergence of indigenous groups
Mexican Politics in Transition1. Ongoing process of change in Mexico towards democracy a. moving from authoritarianism and control to liberal democracy and capitalism2. Concerns about division of power between parties and branches of gov
3. Sept. 1 “Day of the President”
4. Vicente Fox brought transparency to Mexican government a. Appointed human rights activists to cabinet b. ordered secret police and military files be opened to public c. gov ministries ordered to supply more info about activities and services available to citizens d. UN opened human rights office
Current IssuesThe Economy:
1. Large gap b/w rich and poor 2. rapid, unplanned urbanization 3. borrowing against high oil prices of the 1970s led to massive foreign debt
Reforms: 1. sharp cuts in government spending 2. debt reduction 3. Opportunidades- anti-poverty program that gives free benefits and jobs to those without formal jobs
2. Foreign Policy a. Historically bilateral b. Continues to assert itself at UN and WTO c. Drug Trafficking 1. Campaign to root out corruption has led to increase in violence 2. brutal murders of police 3. cartels competing to control distribution to the US
d. Immigration Policy 1. supports amnesty and guest worker program 2. denounce border fence3. Ethnic Rebellions a. Zapatistas- protested NAFTA by capturing four towns 1. see NAFTA as exploitation of Amerindians to benefit PRI 2. growing movement in the South