UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Porosity, Grain-Density, and Inferred Aragonite-Content Data

From the Miami Limestone,

Miami Area and Lower Florida Keys

1 1 By Timothy C. Hester and James ¥. Schmoker

Open-File Report 85-21

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. Any use of trade names in this report is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.

U.S. Geological Survey, Box 25046, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225

1985

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction............................................................ 1Geologic setting........................................................ 1Sample collection and preparation....................................... 5Sample measurements..................................................... 5Data tabulation......................................................... 6Experimental error...................................................... 7Comparing matrix porosity and bulk porosity............................. 8Acknowledgments......................................................... 27References.............................................................. 27

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1. Map of south Florida showing sample locations................ 22. Matrix porosity versus bulk porosity of Miami Limestone

showing discrepancy between the two methods of porosity measurement.................................... 9

3. Comparisons of matrix porosity and bulk porosityof Miami Limestone showing a porosity differencenot related to sample size.............................. 10

TABLES

Table 1. Sample locations, Miami Limestone.............................. 32. Previously published porosity data for oolites

of Pleistocene age and younger............................ 43. Data for Miami Limestone, and previously published

data for oolites of Pleistocene age and younger........... 11

POROSITY, GRAIN-DENSITY, AND INFERRED ARAGONITE-CONTENT DATAFROM THE MIAMI LIMESTONE,

MIAMI AREA AND LOWER FLORIDA KEYS

By Timothy C. Hester and James ¥. Schmoker

INTRODUCTION

The Miami Limestone is an example of a unit in transition from modern sediment to ancient limestone (Halley and Evans, 1983) and, thus, provides a unique opportunity to observe the effect of early freshwater diagenesis on a carbonate grainstone. Although the Miami Limestone has been thoroughly studied in recent years, published quantitative porosity and mineralogical data are lacking.

The purpose of this report, which is part of an in-depth study to describe and interpret the distribution of porosity in the Miami Limestone, is to introduce a large set (538 samples) of porosity, grain-density, and aragonite-content data from the oolitic facies of the Miami Limestone (tables 1, 3)» Sample collection and preparation, and sources of error are described, and two methods of porosity measurement are evaluated. In addition, previously published porosity measurements from oolites of Pleistocene age and younger (249 samples) have been assembled (tables 2, 3)«

GEOLOGIC SETTING

The Miami Limestone is an ooid-shoal and platform-interior complex of late Pleistocene age that forms the bedrock over the southeastern tip of Florida (fig. 1) and includes the oolitic rocks exposed in the lower Florida Keys (Hoffmeister and others, 1967). Maximum thickness in the Miami area is about 40 feet (12 m) along the Atlantic Coastal Ridge (Robinson, 1967). The formation is less well known in the lower Florida Keys, but coreholes drilled off Sawyer and Cottrell Keys for the present study (table 1, fig. 1) indicate a roughly similar maximum thickness.

Hoffmeister and others (1967) divided the Miami Limestone into a bryozoan facies representing a sheltered platform interior and an oolitic facies representing an active ooid-shoal system. Evans (1983) further divided the oolitic facies into a mottled peloid-ooid facies and a bedded ooid facies which reflect, respectively, extensive and minor bioturbation. The data of this report represent the oolitic facies only and are not differentiated according to bedded or mottled facies because in many instances the degree of bioturbation is intermediate between these two end members.

10x

Figure 1. Map of so

uth

Florida

showing

samp

le lo

cati

ons

(LOG

of table

3) and

approximate

exte

nt of Miami

Lime

ston

e.

Table 1. Sample locations, Miami Limestone[LOC=location,

Location No. (LOG, fig. 1)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

DBSL=depth below sea

Location description

East Content Key (borehole A)

East Content Key (borehole B)

East Content Key (borehole C)

West Content Key (borehole A)

West Content Key

West Content Key (borehole B)

Marvin Key

Sawyer Key

Sawyer Key (borehole A)

Cottrell Key (borehole A)

No Name Key

Miami area, Metrorail Rapid Transit System (borehole LG4-5)

(Misc. core pieces)

Miami area, Coral

level, table 3; 1 in. =2. 54

Sample description

Plugs from 4-in. core

Plugs from 4-in. core

Plugs from 4-in. core

Plugs from 4-in. core

Plugs from outcropping block

Pieces of 1 1/2-in. core

Plugs from outcropping blocks

Plugs from outcropping blocks

Pieces of 1 1/2-in. core

Plugs from 4-in. core Pieces of 1 1 /2-in. core

Plugs from quarry blocks

Plugs from 4-in. core

Plugs from 4-in. core

Plugs from outcropping

cm; 1 ft=.3048 m]

DBSL No. of (ft) samples

0.7 to 2.7 24

1.7 to 4.4 16

6.9 to 8.1 6

0.5 to 2.1 20

0.0 17

1.1 to 22.0 14

1.0 27

0.0 33

0.0 to 47.0 13

1.2 to 5.3 53 7.0 to 46.0 18*

Not known 85

-4.0 to 13.6 90

9.0 to 30.0 5

-4.0 to -1.0 50

14

16

Gables Waterway and LeJeune Avenue

Miami area, Old Cutler Road and Hamline Mill Road

Locations 1, 2, 3, 4, and 10 (fig. 1)

blocks

Plugs from construction- pit block

4-in. whole core and core slabs

Not known

0.5 to 7.97

TOTAL!

34

538

Table 2. Previously published porosity data for oolites of Pleistocene age and younger[1 in.=2.54 cm; 1 ft=.3048 ml

Location No. (LOC-BLK of table 3)

Location Sample and data measurements

No. of samples

Reference

17-1 Metrorail Rapid Transit System, Miami area

1 45 bulk-porosity and 39 aragonite measurements of 4-in. core pieces from late Pleistocene Miami Limestone

145 Evans (1983)

17-2 Florida and Bahamas

27 matrix-porosity and 20 aragonite measurements of 1-in. plugs from late Pleistocene Miami Limestone and Recent Bahamian oolites

27 Robinson (1967).

17-3 Joulters Cay, Bahamas

77 bulk-porosity and 7 aragonite measurements of 4-in. core pieces from 1,000-year-old Bahamian oolite

77 Halley and Harris (1979).

TOTAL: 249

SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATION

Samples of the oolitic facies of the Miami Limestone were collected from the Miami area and the lower Florida Keys (fig. 1) with the objective of obtaining a large and spatially representative data set. A wide range of measurement scales is represented. The sample locations (fig. 1, LOG of table 3) span a horizontal distance of some 130 miles (209 km) and a vertical range of about 50 ft (15 m) At each location, the sample groups (BLK of table 3) span distances on the order of a few feet to a hundred feet, and the sample plugs within each group (SPT of table 3) are typically a few inches apart. In many cases, a single plug is divided into 2 or 3 pieces (PC of table 3).

Samples include 4-in. (10.2 cm) whole core and core slabs, 1 1/2-in. (3^8 cm) whole core, and 1-in. (2.5 cm) core plugs (table 1). The 4-in. (10.2 cm) and 1 1/2-in. (3«8 cm) core were taken directly from outcropping rock, whereas the 1-in. (2.5 cm) core plugs, which constitute about 85 percent of the samples, were taken from the 4-in. (10.2 cm) whole core and core slabs, from outcropping rock, and from quarried boulders.

Sample preparation consisted of the following steps:1. cutting 1 and 1 1/2-in.-diameter (2.5 and 3.8 cm) core plugs into

suitable lengths,2. soaking plugs in fresh water to remove salt, and 3- drying plugs to remove water from pore space.

Samples were cut into lengths ranging from a minimum of 1/2 in. (1.3 cm) to a maximum of 1 1/4 in. (3«2 cm) in order to fit the equipment used to measure porosity.

Dissolved salts in normal sea water, if precipitated, could reduce pore volume by as much as 1.5 percent (R.C. Selley, 1976, p. 146). Therefore, samples taken from brackish or salt water were soaked for about 8 hours in distilled water and were drained by capillarity on absorbent paper. This process was repeated 3 times. We estimate that about 75 percent of the salt was removed.

Drying temperatures were maintained at approximately 230 F (110 C) for 3 days or more, until periodic weighings indicated that water was no longer being lost. Samples were then allowed to cool to room temperature in a desiccator, where they were stored until porosity measurements were made. Moderate temperatures of approximately 100 F (38 C) were found insufficient to completely dry the samples, even over periods of 4-7 days, presumably because of tightly held water in very small, intragranular pores.

SAMPLE MEASUREMENTS

The physical properties tabulated in table 3 were calculated from measurements of sample weight, grain volume, and bulk volume. Formulas for these calculations are given in the following section as part of the description of column headings.

Sample weight was measured using a Mettler PC 400 electronic top-loading balance with an accuracy of +0.005 grams.

Grain volume was obtained using Core Laboratories Inc. Helium Gas Expansion-Boyle's Law Porosimeter. Specifically, the grain volume is that portion of the sample not occupied by helium at 100 psi. In a carefully calibrated system, a known volume of helium at 100 psi is allowed to expand into a chamber (also of known volume) containing a core-plug sample. The grain volume of the sample is calculated from the magnitude of the resulting drop in helium pressure. The porosimeter measures grain volumes to within +_ 0.2 percent volume.

Bulk volume was measured in two different ways. One measure was obtained with a Ruska Instrument Corporation Universal Porometer; a second measure was calculated from height and diameter determinations of the sample. Bulk volume measured by the Ruska Universal Porometer is that volume of mercury, at atmospheric pressure, displaced by the core-plug sample. Mercury is used because it has high surface pension and is non-wetting. Sample volume can be measured to within _+0.001 cm . It is important to note that bulk volumes derived from the Ruska porometer exclude from the core-plug volume (and therefore, from the porosity) all washouts, surface irregularities, and natural vugs that are large enough (>0.04 in., 1.0 mm) for mercury to enter. On the other hand, bulk volumes derived from measurements of sample height and diameter include these voids as part of the plug volume.

DATA TABULATION

Data generated by this study, together with previously published data on oolitic grainstones of Pleistocene age or younger, are given in Table 3» Column headings are explained in the following list:

LOG, BLK, An identification system that assigns a unique number reflecting SPT, PC: sample origin to each line of data. Locations (LOG) 1-14 represent

general geographic locations (fig. 1, table 1). Location 16 designates data from 4-in. (10.2 cm) whole core and core slabs (table 1). Location 17 represents previously published data (table 2). Block (BLK), spot (SPT), and piece (PC) represent increasingly smaller subdivisions of a given location.

MATRIX Matrix porosity (%) is calculated from bulk volume determined POROSITY: using the Ruska porometer (VgR ) and from grain volume determined

using the helium porosimeter (V ), according to the equationIT

MATRIX POROSITY = (100) (V^-Vj/V (1)

Because bulk volume determined using the Ruska porometer excludes voids that mercury can enter, matrix porosity is essentially equivalent to intergranular and intragranular porosity.

DEN:

ARAG:

DEPTH:

DBSL:

WASH:

Grain density (g/cm3), calculated from grain volume determined using the helium porosimeter (V ) and from sample weight (W) , according to the equation

DEN = (2)

Inferred aragonite content of the matrix material (%), calculated from grain density (DEN) assuming a two-component system of aragonite (2.94 g/cm 3) and calcite (2.71 g/cm 3), according to the equation

ARAG = (100)(DEN-2.71)/0.23 (3)

Negative percentages of aragonite reflect experimental error of approximately +8.0 percent aragonite.

Depth below ground level (ft).

Depth below sea level (ft).

Void space (%) that mercury can enter, as a percentage of total sample volume, calculated from bulk volume determined using the Ruska porometer (V-Q-D) and bulk volume determined from measuringsample height and aiameter (V ), according to the equation

i3M

WASH = (100)(VBM-VBR)/VBM

Most of the void space that mercury can enter is due to the scouring of poorly cemented fabrics during coring.

(4)

BULK Bulk porosity (%} is calculated from bulk volume determined from POROSITY: measuring sample height and diameter (V .) and grain volume

determined using the helium porosimeter (V ), according to theequation

BULK POROSITY = (100)(V -Vj/V^, (5)

Bulk porosity includes void space that mercury can enter (WASH) as in-situ porosity, and is thus always larger than matrix porosity.

EXPERIMENTAL ERROR

The helium porosimeter, used in conjunction with the Ruska Universal Porometer, can measure porosities with a precision of about _+0.5 percent. Calibration and precision checks were conducted regularly on both machines to insure the consistency of measurements.

To estimate overall experimental error, measurements were repeated on 47 individual samples. The standard deviation of the differences of repeated matrix-porosity measurements equals 1.0 percent porosity. The error associated with a single matrix-porosity measurement is +0.7 percent, which is found by dividing the standard deviation (1.0 percentT by >/2. Similarly, the experimental error for grain density (DEN), aragonite content (ARAG), void space (WASH), and bulk porosity found by repeated measurements is +_.02 g/cm3, +8.0 percent, + 1.3 percent, and +1.2 percent, respectively.

Quartz may be present in parts of the Miami Limestone in amounts of 1 to 6 percent by volume (Evans, 1983). Quartz does not affect measurements of porosity or grain density, but can bias aragonite-content (ARAG) calculations because of the relatively low density of quartz (2.65 g/cm3 ) compared to that of aragonite (2.94 g/cm3 ) or calcite (2.71 g/cm3 ). The bias is consistently negative and may be as much as -5.0 percent in our data set. In terms of the overall mineralogical stabilization of the Miami Limestone, however, the bias (-5*0 percent) is small and diagenetic implications of the data are not changed.

COMPARING MATRIX POROSITY AND BULK POROSITY

Two types of porosity measurements are presented in this report (table 3). Matrix porosity is calculated from bulk volume determined using the Ruska porometer; bulk porosity is calculated from bulk volume determined from sample height and diameter. It is significant to note that matrix-porosity measurements exclude voids in the sample that are large enough for mercury to enter, and that bulk-porosity measurements include all voids and surface irregularities. Bulk porosity is, therefore, always larger than matrix porosity, and the difference can be substantial (fig. 2).

Failure to appreciate the difference in determining matrix porosity and bulk porosity can lead to incorrect geologic interpretations. For example, a porosity shift attributed by Halley and Evans (1983) to the presence of in-situ vugs too large for 1-in.-diameter (2.5 cm) plugs to sample (fig. 3A) is shown by the data of this report to be due entirely to the different methods of determining matrix porosity and bulk porosity (figs. 3B and 3C).

Cementation in the Miami Limestone is fabric selective and varies on a scale smaller than our 1-in.-diameter (2.5 cm) plugs (Evans, 1983). These variations in cementation promote washout during sampling the primary cause of the numerical differences between matrix porosity and bulk porosity. Although solution features do occur in the Miami Limestone (Parker and Cooke, 1944), we believe that a large percentage of the void space and surface irregularities (large enough for mercury to enter) in our samples is due to the scouring of poorly cemented matrix grains during coring and is not present in situ as porosity. Therefore, the porosity measurement designated here as matrix porosity (equation 1) is considered more representative of the in-situ Miami Limestone than is bulk porosity (equation 5)

8

oOL

8.X

I

60

SO

40-

30-

20-

10-

/

/A

10 20 30 40 50BULK POROSITY, %

60 70

Figure 2. Matrix porosity versus bulk porosity of 505 plugs

(1 and lh in., 2.5 and 3.8 cm) of Miami Limestone

showing discrepancy between the two methods of

porosity measurement. The dotted line is a line

of ideal agreement; the solid line is the least-

squares fit.

o

a:

O

_^.*i!L _ MATsaix POROSITY of I-TN PLUGS

Kfg *** BOLV. POR.OSXTV of H-I»- tok

A

rfofeosrry

OF 1.

i AMI> 1 XI.-IM. PLUGS (THIS

B

_ JOF '

OF

c

i\0

L _-

POROSITYFigure 3. Comparisons of matrix porosity and bulk porosity of Miami

Limestone showing that a porosity difference attributed by

Halley and Evans (1983) to the failure of smaller samples

to incorporate vuggy porosity (A) is in fact due to the

different methods used to measure matrix porosity and bulk

porosity (B) and is not related to sample size (C).

10

Table 3.--Data For Miami Limestone, and Previously Published Data for Oolites of Pleistocene Age and Younger.

LOGc

1111111111111111111111112222o i,

2222222222233333

3444

BLK

1112333444556666667777771111122223334444123344111

SPT

1231123123121234561234561234512341231234221212123

PC

1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

MATRIXPOROSITY

39.5039.9037.9039.4035.7035.2039.0038.9039.4039.3036.6037.9033.6037.3036.9035.2037.9037.9042.3042.5039.1043.8039.6039.8035.0035.3036.2039.1040.0036.3037.3039.7037.8040.3039.3037.4037.0037.0037.9036.6041.6037.7040.0040.8036.5039.6037.2033.7032.30

DEN

2.792.792.792.762.802.762.782.782.762.772.792.762.792.792.772.752.792.762.772.762.802.762.842.742.742.762.762.782.772.742.742.732.732.732.742.752.772.772.772.762.722.742.762.732.762.762.752.742.73

ARAG

34.7834.7834.7821.7439.1321.7430.4330.4321.7426.0934.7821.7434.7834.7826.0917.3934.7821.7426.0921.7439.1321.7456.5213.0413.0421.7421.7430.4326.0913.0413.048.708.708.70

13.0417.3926.0926.0926.0921.744.35

13.0421.748.70

21.7421.7417.3913.048.70

DEPTH

0.000.240.480.660.831.021.221.381.541.701.862.010.000.000.000.000.000.000.500.500.500.500.500.500.000.210.430.640.851.011.181.371.561.731.912.082.242.392.552.700.35OT740.941.131.291.450.140.290.43

DBSL

0.700.941.181.361.531.721.922.082.242.402.562.710.700.700.700.700.700.701.101.101.101.101.101.101.701.912.132.342.552.712.883.073.263.433.613.783.944.094.254.406.957.347.547.737.898.050.640.790.93

WASH

5.2411.999.434.526.533.719.97

12.099.418.42

19.226.40

10.135.08

10.9810.466.686.45

12.927.35

13.5617.169.157.925.345.676.406.815.647.366.516.527.82

13.017.694.773.154.607.176.45

19.1521.1012.678.75

12.7215.185.434.764.39

BULKPOROSITY

42.6447.1043.6942.0939.8437.6445.1146.2145.1044.3948.7641.8940.3340.4743.7841.9642.0041.8749.7146.6947.3653.4345.1344.5538.4638.9840.3043.2243.3840.9641.3743.6242.6848.0843.9240.3739.0239.8942.3640.6952.7750.8547.5645.9943.7948.8140.5736.8935.23

II

Table 3. Continued.

LOG

444444444444444445555555555555555566666666666666

.777

BLK

234444455555555551111111111111111111111111111111111

SPT

1112345123456789

101223334455667889912456789

111213141722

111

PC

111111111111111111121231212121121211111111111111123

MATRIXPOROSITY

39.1052.0035.4036.6037.9036.5037.1038.4037.9034.3033.4033.5036.9037.3035.9036.4038.5041.5539.2037.1034.4036.6032.2033.7036.1035.9040.1034.8039.3028.9033.1042.0035.9035.2039.3033.0033.3035.0038.2038.2035.8034.4035.4032.7033.2033.5031.2026.1034.8034.9035.60

DEN

2.802.752.762.742.752.752.742.812.812.772.752.752.782.792.772.802.852.812.812.812.792.802.812.782.802.782.792.802.822.792.792.822.802.802.722.692.712.702.712.742.732.742.732.722.742.722 71tf . / j.2.702.752.802.78

ARA6

39.1317.3921.7413.0417.3917.3913.0443.4843.4826.0917.3917.3930.4334.7826.0939.1360.8743.4843.4843.4834.7839.1343.4830.4339.1330.4334.7839.1347.8334.7834.7847.8339.1339.134.35

-8.700.00

-4.350.00

13.048.70

13.048.704.35

13.044.350.00

-4.3517.3939.1330.43

DEPTH

0.640.750.911.081.241.411.570.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.101.003.004.005.006.007.008.00

10.0011.0012:0013.0016.0021.000.000.000.00

DBSL

1.141.251.411.581.741.912.070.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.500.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.102.004.005.006.007.008.009.00

11.0012.0013.0014.0017.0022.00-1.00-1.00-1.00

WASH

6.2513.044.007.565.434.895.363.329.613.998.413.664.256.603.553.775.389.30

10.737.745.183.936.966.18

11.369.398.624.827.665.479.097.956.97

18.059.57

11.199.838.09

12.849.959.529.90

11.3213.257.36

11.19

20.859.73

11.174.81

BULKPOROSITY

42.9358.2737.9641.3941.2339.5640.4440.4343.8736.9738.9835.9139.5841.4338.1838.7641.7746.9945.7141.9437.8039.1336.8937.7843.3441.9245.2837.9543.9332.7939.1346.5840.3846.9145.1040.5339.8340.2646.5744.3541.8940.9142.7341.6438.0940.94

41.4841.1542.1538.74

12

Table 3. Continued

LOG

77777777777777777777777788888888888888888888888

.888

BLK

11111122222222222222222211123333333333444444444444

SPT

22233411122344566777889912211123344566112233444556

PC

12312212312112212123122311211211212112121212123121

MATRIXPOROSITY

36.2037.4038.1035.3038.4038.8038.7036.3039.0030.3032.7034.3031.8034.5032.3033.6035.8034.5033.4034.9032.3035.2035.1035.3041.5030.6039.2024.0034.7035.3036.8034.1037.5036.4036.3037.2032.8035.8031.9035.6037.2030.0028.3036.0033.1033.9038.2030.6032.5039.90

DEN

2.762.792.782.752.782.782.772.822.812.772.762.752.762.792.772.712.782.732.762.812.742.792.802.812.762.762.772.712.782.782.802.772.802.782.792.792.772.792.792.812.802.812.782.812.782.782.792.782.792.77

ARAG

21.7434.7830.4317.3930.4330.4326.0947.8343.4826.0921.7417.3921.7434.7826.090.00

30.438.70

21.7443.4813.0434.7839.1343.4821.7421.7426.090.00

30.4330.4339.1326.0939.1330.4334.7834.7826.0934.7834.7843.4839.1343.4830.4343.4830.4330.4334.7830.4334.7826.09

DEPTH

0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00oroo0.000.000.000.000.000.00

DBSL

-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00

WASH

5.234.356.203.60

10.896.084.323.507.204.923.744.482.906.804.934.493.904.645.074.453.084.042.673.41

14.576.225.90

11.845.746.406.066.585.175.766.066.615.796.347.006.90

12.006.344.055.066.076.506.868.316.66

20.99

BULKPOROSITY

39.5040.1741.9137.6645.1242.5541.3338.4943.3533.7535.2637.2633.7538.9335.6236.5938.3137.5136.7637.8434.3837.8036.8037.5450.0434.8942.7932.9638.4639.4140.6538.4040.7640.0940.1441.3536.7139.9036.6740.0844.7034.3931.1939.1937.7538.1842.4136.3637.0252.49

13

Table 3. Continued

LOG

88888889999999999999

101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010

BLK

44444441111111111111112234455555555566666666666666

SPT

778899

1012678

1013303140414648

111111111233445511223344556677

PC

12121211111111111111121211212112121212121212121212

MATRIXPOROSITY

32.7036.2037.4043.3035.0040.0036.7038.1034.6035.7037.7035.8037.1037.9014.6032.7019.1018.0017.4016.5037.4032.7035.8033.2033.6033.7036.8033.3033.7034.2032.7032.0034.1031.9033.7033.9035.8035.4034.7033.9036.2036.8036.5035.5032.2031.3029.6032.2037.5033.60

DEN

2.782.812.792.842.772.802.782.752.742 £Q. O72.722.692.712.692 70it / V

2 CQ 0:7

2 CO.0:7

2 &Q. 07

2 C.O. oy2 £Q. 0:72.792.792.822.792.752.792.822.792.802.802.792.802.792.792.772.802.772.762.792.792.782.792.792.802.782.782.782.782.782.79

ARA6

30.4343.4834.7856.5226.0939.1330.4317.3913.04 Q 7ft O / U4.35

-8.700.00

-8.70-4 35

Tf . <J <J

R 7ftO / v_ Q T AO / v_p 70O / v_Q -7 A o . /u_ o 7 AO / U

34.7834.7847.8334.7817.3934.7847.8334.7839.1339.1334.7839.1334.7834.7826.0939.1326.0921.7434.7834.7830.4334.7834.7839.1330.4330.4330.4330.4330.4334.78

DEPTH

0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.005.006.007.009.00

12.0079 ftftii y » \j\j30.0039.0040.0045.0047.000.160.160.290.290.390.570.570.720.720.871.021.021.171.171.331.331.471.471.611.611.751.751.891T892.012.012.142.142.272.27

DBSL

0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.005.006.007.009.00

12.0079 noft y . v v30.0039.0040.0045 00*T<J V V

47.001.161.161.291.291.391.571.571.721.721.872.022.022.172.172.332.332.472.472.612.612.752.752.892.893.013.013.143.143.273.27

WASH

6.929.01

15.6114.2914.0611.2212.369.47

12.03

10.767.44

16.2514.21

17.326.338.424.057.709.295.388.817.356.573.351.522.445.002.194.296.675.362.733.244.623.03

15.035.512.654.634.10

11.546.26

11.29

BULKPOROSITY

37.3941.9947.2051.4044.1246.7644.5443.9942.43

44.3940.5547.3646.69

48.2237.0041.1735.9138.6639.8240.2039.1838.6138.5234.9433.0535.6735.2535.1936.7440.0438.8336.5036.0139.1238.7546.0339.0933.9834.4532.4740.0241.3941.10

14

Table 3. Continued

LOG

1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010111111111111LI111 1

BLK

66666666777888999

10101111121213131313131313131313131313131313131311111111i

SPT

8899

101011111121221121111111245

131415161819232429353637383911223345R

PC

12121212121112121121212111111111111111111121212119

MATRIXPOROSITY

32.2031.9032.8032.0030.9028.3039.6042.4033.3035.3034.5037.9038.4037.2038.4039.0039.1037.0037.5031.6031.6034.9032.9036.3036.9028.1039.2036.9033.5035.9035.1041.1032.1037.8034.6034.8031.6039.5031.8040.0035.0034.4037.5034.7034.3035.9034.8032.5037.00 *R on

DEN

2.782.782.802.812.792.792.862.892.762.782.792.792.802.782.792.772.782.832.792.762.782.782.752.732.722.702.702.702.692.732.692.712.692.702.692.702.792.742.752.712.712.792.802.832.802.762.802.722.819 7Q

ARA6

30.4330.4339.1343.4834.7834.7865.2278.2621.7430.4334.7834.7839.1330.4334.7826.0930.4352.1734.7821.7430.4330.4317.398.704.35-4.35-4.35-4.35-8.708.70

-8.700.00

-8.70-4.35-8.70-4.3534.7813.0417.390.000.00

34.7839.1352.1739.1321.7439.134.35

43.48 3d. 7R

DEPTH

2.402.402.532.532.662.662.792.793.043.043.133.303.473.473.643.643.813.943.944.174.174.284.286.007.00

10.0011.0019.0020.0021.0022.0024.0025.0029.0030.0035.0041.0042.0043.0044.0045.00

_ jf__

DBSL

3.403.403.533.533.663.663.793.794.044.044.134.304.474.474.644.644.814.944.945.175.175.285.287.008.0011.0012.0020.0021.0022.0023.0025.0026.0030.0031.0036.0042.0043.0044.0045.0046.00

WASH

3.770.416.137.255.874.7610.0214.4912.647.56

12.6513.4612.937.14

10.086.71

22.779.26

19.0813.8018.9718.166.489.6614.055.825.2423.9224.634.415.947.99

20.3213.8810.2115.4023.45

16.8411.6916.4818.0715.019.726.6315.5913.7417.4116.5117 T *

BULKPOROSITY

34.7732.1336.9536.9034.9531.7545.6050.7641.7040.1442.7746.2746.3341.7244.6343.1052.9942.7944.3441.0955.1846.7537.2536.4441.7630.6539.9652.0449.8536.4934.6444.4745.9146.4340.1642.8447.66

43.3146.6845.7246.2546.8741.0138.6945.8843.7644.2647.42AC "7Q

15

Table 3. Continued

LOGMATRIX

BLK SPT PC POROSITY DEN ARA6 DEPTH DBSL WASHBULK

POROSITY

11 1 6 1 34.80 2.71 0.00 24.01 50.4611 1 7 1 28.60 2.69 -8.70 22.25 44.4411 1 8 1 36.30 2.77 26.09 14.44 45.5211 1 8 2 37.40 2.78 30.43 6.79 41.6111 1 8 3 37.30 2.81 43.48 6.73 41.5111 1 9 1 35.50 2.75 17.39 6.31 39.5711 1 10 1 34.10 2.74 13.04 9.50 40.3311 1 11 1 33.80 2.74 13.04 12.53 42.0611 1 11 2 32.70 2.75 17.39 16.68 43.8911 1 12 1 35.50 2.77 26.09 14.25 44.7111 1 12 2 35.20 2.77 26.09 11.57 42.6911 1 13 1 38.30 2.78 30.43 14.46 47.2211 1 13 2 34.00 2.77 26.09 11.28 41.4111 1 14 1 37.10 2.78 30.43 24.51 52.5511 1 14 2 35.50 2.79 34.78 15.95 45.8111 1 15 1 36.50 2.85 60.87 15.56 46.3411 1 15 2 32.70 2.78 30.43 12.34 41.0311 1 16 1 34.80 2.79 34.78 10.45 41.6211 1 16 2 31.20 2.78 30.43 4.53 35.0711 2 1 1 34.30 2.75 17.39 17.73 45.9811 2 2 1 33.20 2.74 13.04 23.45 48.8711 2 2 3 36.20 2.83 52.17 24.36 51.7311 2 4 1 39.30 2.75 17.39 11.92 46.4811 2 4 2 37.90 2.79 34.78 19.27 49.8811 2 5 1 40.50 2.76 21.74 15.44 49.7411 2 5 2 37.50 2.81 43.48 22.07 51.2811 2 6 1 38.50 2.77 26.09 15.41 48.0111 2 7 1 33.90 2.75 17.39 12.60 42.2311 2 7 2 33.90 2.78 30.43 8.26 39.3711 2 8 1 33.00 2.76 21.74 11.62 40.7111 2 8 2 36.50 2.78 30.43 23.67 51.4911 2 9 1 45.10 2.78 30.43 24.89 58.7611 2 10 1 34.20 2.73 8.70 13.86 43.2511 2 10 2 44.60 2.79 34.78 19.05 55.1211 2 11 1 39.20 2.77 26.09 16.04 48.9811 2 11 2 35.80 2.82 47.83 18.47 47.6611 3 1 1 33.90 2.70 -4.35 20.94 47.7211 3 1 2 32.30 2.76 21.74 22.83 47.7411 4 1 1 36.50 2.89 78.26 17.19 45.5611 4 1 2 36.40 2.77 26.09 21.62 50.1111 4 2 1 34.70 2.77 26.09 7.11 39.3311 4 2 2 37.50 2.77 26.09 7.42 42.1411 4 3 1 36.70 2.77 26.09 5.63 40.2311 4 4 1 37.20 2.77 26.09 --*-- 17.71 48.2911 4 4 2 36.20 2.77 26.09 11.55 43.6011 4 5 1 37.30 2.77 26.09 13.39 45.7211 4 5 2 37.40 2.76 21.74 21.34 50.7311 4 6 1 40.50 2.78 30.43 11.69 47.4811 4 6 2 37.50 2.76 21.74 9.33 43.2911 4 6 3 36.10 2.78 30.43 4.62 39.08

16

Table 3. Continued

LOG

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1111121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212

BLK

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55111111122222222222222222

SPT

7 7 8 8 8 9 9

10 11 12 12 13 13 13

1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 56112233411222334556666778

PC

1 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3112131211212312212&

1234121

MATRIX POROSITY

37.30 37.20 41.40 38.30 41.80 42.00 47.90 39.00 39.00 38.80 36.60 38.60 38.90 43.60 36.20 32.00 36.70 26.80 40.70 30.70 36.40 30.20 43.20 32.70 34.9023.6040.1029.4040.7041.5037.3035.2033.1040.4037.6032.2036.7040.7035.4034.8031.7034.4037.3039.1037.4037.6038.4031.9037.4039.90

DEN

2.77 2.77 2.79 2.78 2.79 2.78 2.78 2.76 2.78 2.76 2.76 2.78 2.78 2.80 2.79 2.78 2.80 2.75 2.75 2.74 2.77 2.75 2.77 2.76 2.812.732.772.742.772.772.772.792.802.752.772.752.772.782.752.772.762.762 7Qt* 1 j2.752.772.752.772.722.782.76

ARA6

26.09 26.09 34.78 30.43 34.78 30.43 30.43 21.74 30.43 21.74 21.74 30.43 30.43 39.13 34.78 30.43 39.13 17.39 17.39 13.04 26.09 17.39 26.09 21.74 43.488.

26.13.26.26.26.34.39.17.26.17.26.30.17.26.21.21.34j ̂ . 17.26.17.26.4.

30.21.

7009040909097813390939094339097474*7Q

39093909354374

DEPTH

5.005.005.505.506.006.006.507.007.007.337.337.337.677.678.008.338 -30

8T678.678.678.679.009.009.33

DBSL

-4.00-4.00-3.50-3.50-3.00-3.00-2.50-2.00-2.00-1.67-1.67-1.67-1.33-1.33-1.00-0.67-0.67-0.33-0.33-0.33-0.330.000.000.33

WASH

7.29 5.58

15.32 7.49

13.18 6.76

23.42 10.04 9.83

11.35 9.08

10.15 5.85 4.84

17.36

17.68

12.09

8.38 9.25

10.53

9.7912.2812.0314.6914.8010.7311.1111.008.25

10.978.157.48

15.618.40

7.3016.36

16.0613.3920.51

5.348.15

11.64

BULK POROSITY

41.83 40.68 50.40 42.88 49.46 45.91 60.14 45.14 45.01 45.76 42.35 44.84 42.49 46.31 47.28

47.92

47.85

41.75 36.70 49.17

31.1247.4437.9349.4050.1743.9942.3940.4945.3444.4037.7441.4349.9540.82

36.6545.13

48.9145.8050.41

35.5442.4946.91

17

Table 3. Continued

,oc

1212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212JL £*

121212

BLK

22222222222222333333333333333333333333344444444444

SPT

899

10111212131314141415152223344455567789

10111213131414151512233455689

PC

2 '

1211121312312123121231231121111112231212312117£>111

MATRIXPOROSITY

42.1034.1035.2036.2036.0036.8032.2033.9033.1031.6030.5031.5033.0039.1042.6043.6043.3037.3034.1033.3036.5038.7036.8037.6033.9041.6036.4037.8034.8030.5034.1035.8029.8030.1035.2034.8041.6030.2032.3034.9034.9035.9035.4037.9038.0034.9031.0032.9030.5034.30

DEN

2.782.752.782.762.762.772.792.722.772.752.742.752.772.772.792.762.782.772.772.732.752.772.762.772.762.772.762.762.742.762.762.772.762.762.792.782.792.752.772.762.752.762.752.742.752.752 70. / O2.752.782.75

ARA6

30.4317.3930.4321.7421.7426.0934.784.3526.0917.3913.0417.3926.0926.0934.7821.7430.4326.0926.098.7017.3926.0921.7426.0921.7426.0921.7421.7413.0421.7421.7426.0921.7421.7434.7830.4334.7817.3926.0921.7417.3921.7417.3913.0417.3917.3930.4317.3930.4317.39

DEPTH

9.339.679.6710.0010.3310.6710.6711.0011.0011.3311.3311.3311.6711.6712.2712.2712.2712.5312.5312.8012.8012.8013.0713.0713.0713.3313.6013.6013.8714.1314.4014.6714.9315.2015.2015.4715.4715.7315.7316.0016.3316.3316.6716T6717.0017.3317.3317.6718.3318.67

DBSL

0.330.670.671.001.331.671.672.002.002.332.332.332.672.673.273.273.273.533.533.803.803.804.074.074.074.334.604.604.875.135.405.675.936.206.206.47'6.476.736.737.007.337.337.677.678.008.338 *3*7

. J J

8.679.339.67

WASH

14.6423.9315.7011.349.2012.378.154.897.754.6011.1215.5111.339.709.7811.179.625.028.692.339.60

22.2110.069.2512.6818.0410.0614.3120.757.007.97

16.4513.6911.8216.9319.5311.709.94

22.2118.2523.2320.9518.4615.2923.3424.98

11.3218.7720.00

BULKPOROSITY

50.5349.8945.3443.3941.8944.6137.7237.0938.3234.7538.2442.1140.6344.9748.1749.9348.9240.4639.8534.8942.5752.3443.1743.4142.2852.1142.7546.6948.3335.3839.3446.3639.4338.3846.1947.5348.4737.1647.3546.7550.0449.3047.3347.3552.4551.17

40.4643.5547.41

18

Table 3. Continued

C J

12121212121212121212121212121212121212121213131313131313131313131313131313X. w

13131313131313131313.131313

3LK

4444555555555555666661111111222222222£»2222222222233

SPT

1011111211223445667812333123558

12233445556677899

10101011

PC ]

1121121211211221111231121313113121212£»3121211212312

MATRIXPOROSITY

33.7033.6039.3037.5031.7036.0034.2035.1034.9034.0038.7033.1017.4024.9017.1019.5021.8025.7024.9025.6024.2025.0022.6022.5024.507 ck 90fi.j . ft \j24.6023.7031.0032.2029.5030.7035.7029.3027.6028.909c 7n^D . / U

38.9033.1028.5028.8026.8029.8028.0033.6029.2030.4030.0029.3029.60

DEN

2.742.762.792.762.742.752.742.742.752.752.722.752.702.752.702.702.732.712.692.722.712.692.692.722.702 70tt . / V

2.712 CO o y2.732.722.722.712.742.712.742.729 74ft * / *r

2.742.722.742.732.732.712.722.752.742.752.752.762.76

ARAG

13.0421.7434.7821.7413.0417.3913.0413.0417.3917.394.3517.39-4.3517.39-4.35-4.358.700.00

-8.704.350.00

-8.70-8.704.35-4.35-4 ?R T . O«J

0.00_ Q 7 AO / U

8.704.354.350.00

13.040.00

13.044.3513.0413.044.3513.048.708.700.004.3517.3913.0417.3917.3921.7421.74

DEPTH

19.0019.3319.3319.6720.0020.0020.3820.3820.7521.1321.1321.5021.8821.8822.2522.6318.0019.0039.0039.0039.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00a. oo0.000.000.000.000.000.00

DBSL

10.0010.3310.3310.6711.0011.0011.3811.3811.7512.1312.1312.5012.8812.8813.2513.639.0010.0030.0030.0030.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-1.00-2.50-2.50-2.50-2.50-2.50-2.50-2.50-2.50_7 50tt . jv-2.50-2.50-2.50-2.50-2.50-2.50-2.50-2.50-2.50-2.50-2.50-3.20-3.20

WASH

22.2617.7413.4017.2413.788.7214.6814.1813.3718.7321.8213.3010.5011.2215.9118.504.146.594.736.133.0220.3614.4312.565.28

5.99

15.4311.0517.3810.7615.0011.7917.6613.58

20.5014.8515.8313.8812.0912.6310.3723.347.816.9024.9710.7111.01

BULKPOROSITY

48.4345.3847.3948.2841.1541.5843.8544.3443.5846.3452.0741.9826.0533.3330.3234.3925.0530.5828.4730.1626.4840.2533.8032.2728.48

29.12

41.6639.6541.7138.1145.3137.6540.3438.56

51.4343.0339.8638.7035.6338.6535.4249.0934.7035.1947.4536.8737.34

19

Table 3. Continued

LOG I

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 1313 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 1414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414

14141 A

JLK

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 1111111111111111111111111111n

SPT ]

2 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 78 9 9

10 1 2 3 4 5 6 12tt 345+J

67

9101315J. *J

16171 R

1970it\t 21ft .L

22tt it 23tt j 24ttt 75t» <j9A

27it iOp

79it 3 3031T9

PC ]

12 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 23 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111111111111111111111111111i

MATRIX POROSITY

31.00 31.60 33.40 27.50 29.60 30.20 29.10 28.50 27.80 29.70 77 70It 1 / \f

28.10 36.30 29.60 29.80 27.10 26.60 28.50 28.30 30.90 26.70 38.4040 40t \J t\J

36.9044 30tt . J V

46.2077 90ft ft J V

37.9043.2023.4040.3042 40t ft t\/ 40.1042.6023.3035.6041.3038.5041.8041.2035.50OP Ofl

25.7035.9043.8041 90*I X J \J

43.8040.2038.609O 9H

DEN

2.74 2.76 2.74 2.73 2.74 2.75 2.73 2.75 2.74 2.742 *T M. 74 2.74 2.75 2.74 2.74 2.74 2.73 2.74 2.74 2.732.73 2 on2 75tt . / «j 2 79ft » i j2 0 A

. O V 2 PI

2 "7K. /D

2"7C.

2 77ti » i i2 *7fl2 77tt » i i 2 79ft * / j 2 754i . / _>

7 77ft » i i2 7P2 77ft » i i 27/r2 77tt » i i 2 Pi

2 7C

2 74M . / *

2 7K. /D 27/r

2 7Q

2 P92 77<£ //

2 7P2 75ft / -j 2 75£t * i *j9 74.

ARA6

13.04 21.74 13.04 8.70

13.04 17.39 8.70

17.39 13.04 13.0413.04 13.04 17.39 13.04 13.04 13.04 8.70

13.04 13.04 8.708.70

39 13 j j . j. <j 17 39JL / . «J J

34.7839 13j ̂ . j. j 43 40*> «^ . 7 VJ

17 39.L / . J J21 74Zi ^ » / *Ioc f\Q

30.4326.09 34.7817 39J. / «3 J Id rtQ

30.4326.09n 74. / 7 oc no43 4fl*T«J . *T O21 74tti.tit 13.0417.39n 74. / 7 30.43m ^t * * *^47.83OC rtQ^D . U:7

30.4317 39JL / . J .717 39j. / . j j i T nA

DEPTH DBSL WASH

0.00 -3.20 10.38 0.00 -3.20 17.48 0.00 -3.20 7.42 0.00 -3.20 9.24 0.00 -3.20 14.49 0.00 -3.20 13.86 0.00 -3.20 17.53 0.00 -3.20 14.84 0.00 -3.20 13.47 0.00 -3.20 18.090.00 -3.20 0.00 -3.20 9.98 0.00 -3.20 13.85 0.00 -3.20 15.41 0.00 -3.20 9.17 0.00 -4.00 19.19 0.00 -4.00 10.82 0.00 -4.00 20.99 0.00 -4.00 11.15 0.00 -4.00 11.48 0.00 -4.00 15.52

5 1 Q. J.O__-_«. _»-._- 9 717 . / X

677

9 AT. tJL UPQ

3 fL ft

n AP

9A RP

6 0C

__.__ _-._.__ ic. inJ.O.JLU -. _. -._. 1 P C.9

_._.- ___._« 9fi 43 -. . ^&U *i J

--.-. -___ 14 A7 -. J.t.O*

10.59_____ ___ _ IT 79_____ _____ X J . / j ____ -. _. 1 Q 73

_____ -._. _ 1 Q PQ

3 OP___ _.__ 17 13

X ft . XO

^!U.4bU

- __. - 1A AA _-.-. X*x . DD

nnc

*__ 19 IP XA.XO4 Q9» j ft

- -- --- 20 21ft V . ft J.

_____ __.«__. 99 QQ

_____ ___ 1 9 fi7

__ __ _ on QQft\t » jj__ _ _ _ 997

BULK POROSITY

38.15 43.57 38.30 34.19 39.84 39.86 41.55 39.12 37.55 42.38

35.29 45.11 40.43 36.21 41.07 34.50 43.52 36.33 38.84 38.08 41.62A f* O '"»46.2340.9649 53^ j *j J eo coDi . bJ9C *71ZD . /lCT 1 "7Dl . 1 /57 14 J / . JL*T 00 1 0

49.85K*> 1 9DJ . LA52 10 Jtt . J V

51.01*% *l A f*31.4644 4Qtt *rO CO O9DZ . 7^

50.804.4 07tt . v /

48.30 48 49^o » ^ j47.26 33 95O>3 _7«>

43.6946.60KO ccOo . OD

56.7447 357 / «j «j 51.4891 07

20

Table 3. Continued

C I

1414141414161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616161616171717171717171717

.171717

ILK

11111111111111111222222233333444455555111111111111

SPT

3334353637

1245667789

1012

123456712234123412345111111111111

MATRIXPC POROSITY

1 38.801 39.301 23.401 40.101 40.101 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ! 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12

DEN

2.772.772.732.772.752.792.812.812.802.782.792.772.792.792.782.832.772.792.762.762.772.762.762.762.762.742.732.752.772.722.732.752.762.742.802.752.752.752.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.76

ARAG

26.0926.098.70

26.0917.3934.7843.4843.4839.1330.4334.7826.0934.7834.7830.4352.1726.0934.7821.7421.7426.0921.7421.7421.7421.7413.048.70

17.3926.094.358.70

17.3921.7413.0439.1317.3917.3917.39

37.00

DEPTH

0.080.230.480.951.672.402.913.083.303.643.884.220.240.571.031.461.930.000.500.431.011.371.822.400.180.540.941.370.210.540.691.160.505.00

12.0021.0028.006.008.00

24.0012.005.007.005.00

11.00

DBSL WASH

22.67 16.09 6.68 16.25 21.971.08 1.23 1.48 1.95 2.67 3.40 3.91 4.08 4.30 4.64 4.88 5.22 0.94 1.27 1.73

2.63 0.70 1.10 2.13 2.71 3.07 3.52 4.10 6.78 7.14 7.54 7.97 0.71 1.04 1.19 1.66 0.50

BULKPOROSITY

52.6449.0528.4949.7753.3041.6036.7037.4037.9039.6034.8040.4047.7044.1044.2046.6039.7041.6045.3041.3045.1044.9040.9045.3040.6040.9042.5042.2039.4054.0042.5049.1045.7036.1045.0060.0040.4037.8043.7035.4035.4032.5042.3039.3016.8042.3039.3043.3043.3050.60

21

Table 3. Continued

LOGMATRIX

BLK SPT PC POROSITY DEN ARA6 DEPTH DBSLBULK

WASH POROSITY

1717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717.171717

11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

11111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222222

1314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041123456789

101112131415161718192021

2.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.76

13.00

8.008.00

12.0023.00

23.00

27.00

00000000

19.0015.0042.0035.001.006.002.006.00

10.000000000000

21.0000000000

17.0022.004.00

10.0010.00

23.00

0000000000

8.0010.008.00

14.0025.002.00

13.0011.0033.0017.009.00

10.009.002.00

11.00

50.1058.9048.2042.3049.1057.0056.0043.3036.4049.1047.2055.0046.2049.1052.1047.2057.9048.2050.1023.7031.5054.0051.1049.1052.1039.3038.4049.1047.2052.1031.5052.1041.3051.1049.1041.3059.9041.3031.5027.6040.3040.3017.8021.7043.3053.0039.3044.2051.1043.30

22

Table 3. Continued

LOGMATRIX

BLK SPT PC POROSITY DEN ARA6 DEPTH DBSL WASHBULK

POROSITY

1717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717.171717

111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

11111111

22222222222222222222333333333333333333333333333333

2223242526272829303132333435363738394041123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930

2.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.76

33.008.00

33.00

7.00

33.0010.00

10.00

8.00

10.004.008.003.00

10.008.00

36.0021.0043.004.008.004.008.005.008.00

11.004.00

10.0019.0026.004.007.006.00

10.0020.0014.00

0000

66

12.0069374956

0000000000000000

11.004.008.00

13.0012.002.003.008.005.008.00

14.0010.001.00

57.9054.0035.4049.1055.0036.4025.7042.3051.1057.0057.0047.2052.1046.2052.1061.8045.2046.2035.4045.2050.1052.1045.2054.0042.3040.3045.2046.2045.2049.1058.9045.2057.0044.2041.3045.2049.1058.9037.4046.2057.0062.8048.2051.1060.9048.2045.2039.3056.0043.30

23

Table 3. Continued

1C BLK SPT

17 1 3 17 1 3 17 1 3 17 1 3 17 1 3 17 1 3 17 1 3 17 1 3 17 1 3 17 1 3 17 1 3 17 1 41717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717

.171717

11111111111111111111122222222i* 222222722

44444444444444444444411111111111111111

MATRIX PC POROSITY

31 32 33 34 35

37

39 40 41

23456789

10111213141516171819202122

123459

101112131517181921ti JL

2224

3340304527463443~ ^

42414141412529£* J

3238

.70

.30

.60

.70

.00

.50

.80

.10

.30

.90

.50

.20

.50

.00

.50

.80

.90

DEN

2.76 2.76 2.76 2.76 2.76 2.76 2.76 2.76 2.76 2.76 2.76 2.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762 . /D

2.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762.762 . /D

2.762.76

ARAG

27. 47. 52.10.12.0.

23.37.20.19.

1.1.

43.7.7.

32.7.

43.38.

3.4.

16.23.12.

40.25.15.5.

98.88.80.75.75.

28.45.

24

00 00 00000000005000000000000000000000000000000000

00000000

9900000000

0000

DEPTH DBSL

6.00 11.00 15.00 14.00 3.00 7.00

10.00 7.00

11.00 18.00 21.00 30.00 10.18.5.7.

11.7.8.

12.12.8.9.4.

22.12.12.30.75.9.

16.4.

12.

»

00 oo 00 oo 00 oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo 00 00 oo 00 00 oo oo oo

BULK WASH POROSITY

47.20 52.10 60.90 58.90 49.10 61.80 66.70 45.20 33.50 39.30 42.30 21.70 58.90 58.90 41.30 41.30 41.30 49.10 47.20 60.90 57.90 41.30 57.90 50.10 16.90 58.90 33.50 21.70 60.90 - 63.80 41.30 39.40 57.90

Table 3. Continued

LOGMATRIX

BLK SPT PC POROSITY

1717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717

.171717

22222222223333333333333333333333333333333333333333

11111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222233

252627282930

47.4038.6019.7024.0033.9040.30

31 31.3032 35.2033 34.6034 39.30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q _____

10 11 12 -----13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

1 "2 _3 4 5 6 -*-7 _____8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

DEN

2.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.902.90

ARAG DEPTH DBSL

50.00 35.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 50.00 35.00 40.00 ZD.V/U

0.20 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.50 1.90 2.40 3.00 3.50 3.90 5.60 8.50 . 10.00 11.00 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.10 13.40 13.90 14.00 15.00 0.20 0.50 0.80 1.00 1.30 2.00 2.20 2.30 2.70 3.00 3.30 3.70 4.50 6.00 7.00 9.00 0.30 0.60

BULKWASH POROSITY

40.00 42.00 44.00 44.00 47.00 47.00 52.00 46.00 47.00 48.00 46.00 48.00 46.00 46.00 46.00 46.00 44.00 48.00 45.00 49.00 49.00 42.00 46.00 47.00 43.00 47.00 44.00 42.00 41.00 42.00 49.00 45.00 52.00 48.00 48.00 48.00 46.00 44.00 45.00 46.00

25

Table 3. Continued

LOGMATRIX

BLK SPT PC POROSITY DEN ARA6 DEPTH DBSLBULK

WASH POROSITY

A /

1717171717171717171717171717171717171717 1717171717171717171717171717171 7

O

33333333333333333333 3333333 333333331

O

44444444455*J55*J5555555 556666 666666

66£

j ____..! 2 _ _3 4 5 6 _ _ _7 __8 .._ _ 9 1 2 -----ft 3 4 5 6

8 Q

10 11 -.-. ,._

12 --_-JL ft

13 i _2 -----i*3 --. _.. 4 5 6 7 _ _8 ___Q

10

11

12 --- ^ £+

13 1A

2.909090909090909090

2.902.902.902.902.90

909090909090

2.902.902.902.902.90

909090

2.9090909090

2.902.902.902.90

93.0094.00

93.00

91.0093.00

93.00

94.00

1.000.500.80

2070

112.10

00005050

0.50006090200080

4.505.005.505.80

16.0016.000.50

3080

112.10

60005080

4.205.006.50

3090

12.50

45.0049.0048.0047.0047.0043.0043.0046.0047.0048.0048.0044.0044.0044.0044.0046.0043.0046.0048.0045.0050.0050.0049.0042.0045.0049.0047.0045.0051.0046.0047.0046.0044.0051.0041.0047.0049.00

26

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank E. A. Shinn and, especially, D. M. Bobbin, U.S. Geological Survey, Fisher Island Station, Florida, for arranging our housing, transportation, and for assistance in the field; C. Evans, University of Miami, for providing core to sample; T. C. Michalski, W. Linenberger, R. B. Halley, and K. B. Krystinik, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, respectively, for providing facilities and equipment to measure porosity, for discussions of diagenetic implications, and for helping computerize our data base; L. E. Crabb, University of Miami, for the use of his home; and T. A. Crabb, independent lobsteraan, for sharing his piloting skills and for the use of his docking facilities.

REFERENCES

Evans, C. C., 1983, Aspects of the depositional and diagenetic history ofthe Miami Limestone: control of primary sedimentary fabric over early cementation and porosity development: University of Miami unpublished Master of Science thesis, 136 p.

Halley, R. B., and Evans, C. C., 1983, The Miami Limestone, a guide to selected outcrops and their interpretation: Miami Geological Society, 67 p.

Halley, R. B., and Harris, P. M., 1979, Fresh water cementation of a1 ,000-year-old oolite: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 49, no. 3, p. 969-988.

Hoffmeister, J. E., Stockman, J. W., and Multer, H. G., 1967, MiamiLimestone of Florida and its Recent Bahamian counterpart: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 78, no. 2, p. 175-190.

Parker, G. G., and Cooke, C. W., 1944, Late Cenozoic geology of southernFlorida, with a discussion of the ground water: Florida Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 27, 119 p.

Puri, H. S., and Vernon, R. 0., 1964, Summary of the geology of Florida and a guidebook to the classic exposures: Florida Bureau of Geology, Special Publication No. 5, 312 p.

Robinson, R. B., 1967, Diagenesis and porosity development in Recent andPleistocene oolites from southern Florida and the Bahamas: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 37, no. 2, p. 355-364*

Selley, R. C., 1976, An introduction to sedimentology: New York, Academic Press, 408 p.

27