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kÌQTXTq�SLU3k��RnmklQoqlQT|;U9k�^7sB�-N2\lZyQ2X%U_�-Q2XHqlU3X�NoXHq�\]U3kl|;U9�ÂqlnLb2U3ORU-XHq�e%W �®U-q��X%U3s7ql\]Q2X;k-K%a�Z;QTX�^%NoX;��U®^%N2X�k�SLNÃX�Noqls%\]U ���2��K ����W J2KLJ�� W%b/No\]nLN2Z%SVU

JU�3J ��� M � � � � Q@���� M

hBnmkdU-X6}3b�nL^7U3X���UP|�No\ !;KyÁ�U3\l\]nVX �xJ3�T�T�%�ÂW�U-q !;K !�K .��%Q2OpklQ2X �ÌJ3�T�H� ��W;SLQ2\�k�^+` U-��|y}�Ä\]nVU3X���U9k�kÌs�\�SVU9k�\]N¤�TQ2X�k¾�-Noql�%Q7^7nmrHs%U3k3K

− +−

+

�� ���� f7Kgf � {�U-|�\l}9kÌU3XTq�N/q]nVQTX~k]���%}3ORNoqlnmrHs%U®^@` s%X%U®U-��|y}-\]nLU-X��-U_|;U3\lORU�qlq]N2XTqd^7U®ORU�qlql\]UU3X�}3b�nL^7U3X���UYSmNR^7}-b�nmN/qlnLQ2X~^@` s%X��ENonmkl�-U3N2s�^@` }-SLU3��ql\]Q2X�k�|;No\�s%XB����NoOR|�}-SLU3��ql\]nLrHs%U

����N2\lcTUd^7U_S ` }-SLU3�Âq]\lQTXq = −e = −1.602.10−19

�OpN2k]kÌU_^7U_S ` }-SLU3�Âq]\lQTX

me = 9.109.10−31 d c³�4�§ ¼HD?4�0o*-,/8y£1§p4H*«D?4j£C8�¶;5%. §38y£�* DE<?¼�§ C57,BDÌwV<E£�*94H,¤5�0o*3<?8;£¦¼�D?4H02*-,/8y:=5%¿y£1¼%$*9<E>@.C4 �»SLU3k����;No\]c2U3k `tU�q�Ä�k3` NoqÌqlnL\]U-XHq �

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��K OÃQTS−1M+U®É;No\�N2^%N¤�*( ����No\]c2U�|�No\�ORQTSVUTK+J_É ( `d�Teo�H�T�7K �%J���K ORQ2S

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����N2\lcTUd^7s~|%\]Qoq]Q2Xq = +e = 1.602.10−19

�OpN2k]kÌU_^7s~|%\]Qoq]Q2X

mp = 1.67262.10−27 d c (!J3�T�2emeM+U_X�U-s7q]\lQTX

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^%U3k(A − Z)

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��^%}��ENos%q�^7U_OpN2k]kÌU�P4jAC¼�¬­5%. *pAC4B:=5%§9§34~0T8�,¤,/4�§ �8y£CA�¹.C£146¼H£C4H,/¿;<?4

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eV = 1.6.10−19!

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c = 2.997925.108 ' 3.108O~K k

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b £¦£@.C02DE¼�8y£�,/4 C,/¼�§34�£�*346.1£C4B§38y.1,¤0T4j¼�£18;,/:=4~A�wL¼�£14H,/¿;<?4��

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q = −eWm = me�¦X%U-s7q]\lnLX%QHk

q = 0Wm ' 0�¦SLU3k[rHs�N2\ d k®�-Q2X�kÌqlnVqls;NoXHq]k[SVU9k[X�s��-SV}3Q2X�k®^%s=X%Q/�TN2s�kÌU3X�kÌnLZ%SLU3kPNos7�½nVXHq]U-\�N2�Âq]nVQTX�k

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2sU�q

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� � � � � � � � � �

� � � � ������ � ��� � �

�d±���Á�{ (���N2SVU3X���U�±���U-SLS'��SLU3�Âq]\lQTXPÁ�N2nV\�{�U3|%s%SmkÌnLQ2X (�\]}-|�s%SLklnLQ2X[U3XHql\]U¾SLU3k�|;NonL\lU9k}3SVU9�Âql\]Q2X�nLrHs%U9k¾^%U_b¤N2SVU3X���U

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�p = n + n′

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AN ��XÃ^%U�OÃnLX%nLORnLklU-\

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n′W%Q2X~^7}��;X%n²q�s�X qx��|yU

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����� J � �U����O ���RQNO1�� Msp3d

�sp3d2

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����� � KL<��� � ��� ��� � � � � � Q ��<� �

°dNoX;k�SVU®�3N2^7\]Ud^%U®��UYORQ�^'�-SLU2W%|%\]}-bTQ2nL\�s%X%UYc2}3Q2OR}�q]\lnLUY\lU3bHnLU-XHq"!Ãql\]Q2s%bTU-\nU-q

n′|yQ2s�\�s%X%UYORQ2SL}3�-s%SVU®^%s qx��|yUAXnEn′

K;±�Q2nVq ��

neSVU_X%QTO[Z%\]UY^@` }3SVU9�Âq]\lQTX�k�^7U_SmNÃ�-Q2s�����UdU-��qlU-\]X%U_^7U

A�nSVUYX%QTO[Z%\]U_^7U_^7Q2s%Z�SVU-q]k�SLnLN2XHq]k

N2SVQT\]kn′ =

1

2(ne − n)

� � /1: � F'/D2H2O

�[O] = 1s22s22p4

Wne = 6

Wn = 2

Wn′ = 1/2(6 − 2) = 2 → AX2E2

�»QT\lORUU-X �NH3

�[N ] = 1s22s22p3

Wne = 5

Wn = 3

Wn′ = 1/2(5 − 3) = 1 → AX3E1|H��\�NoORnm^7U�q]\lnLc2QTX�NoSLU

XeF2

�[Xe] = [Kr]4d105s25p6

Wne = 8

Wn = 2

Wn′ = 1/2(8− 2) = 3 → AX2E3SVnLX%}3N2nV\]U

BrF5

�[Br] = [Ar]3d104s24p5

Wne = 7

Wn = 5

Wn′ = 1/2(7 − 5) = 1 → AX5E1|H��\�NoORnm^7U !RZ;N2klUd�3No\]\l}3U

a¾qlqlU3XTq]nVQTX����"����U�qlqlUBOR}�q]�%Q7^7U / : �94]0D418(/ X%U~�»Q2X���qlnLQ2X%X�U�|;N2kR^%NoX;kRSVUB�-NTkp^7USLnmNonmkÌQTX�k�^7Q2s�Z%SVU9k�Q2sÃq]\lnL|%SLU3k3KVKLK2°dNoX�k��-U3k��3N2k3W/nVS7�EN2s7q�\]U-bTU-X%nL\�Nos7�ÃX%Qoq�N/qlnLQ2X;k�^7U�M+U ��nLk3K

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������� � ���-�����RQ�O ���M � T�� M ��T � ���T ���1� QNM � OD����� M

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� � / : �9FG/>H � � *-: � B_0D45/>B � B 0 A � 7-0D418(/

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θ = 109.5◦ θ = 107◦ θ = 104.5◦Á�QTklnVqlnLQ2X~^7U3k�^7QTs%Z%SLU�q�k�X%Q2X�SLnLN2XTq�k���¦OÃnLX%nLORnLk]N/q]nVQTX~^%U3k�nLXTq]U-\�N2��qlnLQ2X�k�^7QTs%Z%SLU�q�k�X%Q2X7Ä­SLnLN2XTq�k��[SVnmNoXHq]k�¦ORNo�7nVORnmklNoqlnLQ2X~^7U_SLNR^7nmkÌq]NoX;��UYU-XHql\]U_^7Q2s�Z%SVU-q]k�X�Q2X7Ä­SVnmNoXHq�k

������ � ���-�����RQ�O ���M � T�� M���Z��� �1� �+Q@���� � ���RQNO �UODQ �

M+UPb2QTSVs%ORU[^+` s%XF^7Q2s�Z%SVU-q�SLnLN2XHqd^7nLORnVX�s%UÃrTs;NoX�^BS ` }-SLU3�Âq]\lQTX%}-cHN/q]nVb�nVql}®^7U9k�SLnVcHNoX�^�kN2s%c2ORU-XHq]U2K �#Q2X;kÌ}9rTs�U-X��-U � 764]:>4], 8XB 45*6, 7%/�F=? A-, �ZF'/U7Z/�F 45A64 2 *6, K

� � / : �9FG/>H � � *-: � B_0D45/>B � B 0 A � 7-0D418(/

NH3

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χH = 2.2 χF = 4.1θ = 107◦ θ = 103.2◦Á�QTklnVqlnLQ2Xj^7U9k�SLnVcHNoX�^�k�SLU3k�|%SVs;k�}3SVU9�Âql\]Q2X�}-cTNoqlnV�Ek ��^%NoX�k�s%X%UPc2}3Q2OR}�q]\lnLU®Z%nL|��H\�NoORnm^%NoSLU

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n n′ p.#�H|yU ,d}3Q2OR}�q]\lnLU É%Q2\]ORU ����Z%\]nL^�N/qlnLQ2X

f Ë fAX2

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ql}-ql\�N �3^%\lU �»Q2\]OÃU_U3X��sp3� Ë �

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Z�nV|���\]N2ORnL^7Udq]\lnLc2QTX�NoSLU Z%nL|��H\�NoORnm^7Udql\]nVcTQ2X�N2SVUsp3d� J �

AX4E1

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AX3E2

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