Universal Cost Model for innovative vehicle design

Mats Berg, Sebastian Stichel and Carlos CasanuevaRailway Group, KTH Royal Institute of Technology

19th Nordic Seminar on Railway Technology, Luleå, 14-15 September 2016

Roll2Rail Work Packages

Partners in Roll2Rail WP4 (Running Gear)

Rolling stock

Infrastructure operators

Institutes

Consulting

Also train operators

WP4 duration: May 2015 – Oct 2017

Stadler

• Enhanced rail vehicle designs: Costs vs. Benefits?

• Does a higher initial vehicle cost “pay back” over vehicle life?

• That is, does the vehicle innovation give LCC efficiency?

• How to quantify possible cost efficiency of innovations??

• UCM aims at providing a European framework for cost analysis

• The present UCM focuses on innovative bogie designs

Motivation for Universal Cost Model (UCM)

Railway Undertaking= Train Operator

Rail system stakeholder structure and UCM

Andersson, Berg, Stichel, Casanueva: Rail Systems and Rail Vehicles, Textbook, KTH Railway Group, 2016.

Approximate cost structure for passenger/freight operation (Northern Europe)

UCM software architecture

UCM software (Excel)Capital cost

KPI vehicle maintenance

KPI track maintenance KPI noise KPI energy

Life Cycle Cost

LCC software (Excel)

Key Performance Indicators (examples)

KPI vehicle maintenance: km per wheel reprofiling

reprofilings per wheel life

km per inspection

KPI energy usage:

kWh/train-km

kWh/vehicle-km

kWh/seat-km

kWh/gross-tonne-km

KPI track maintenance:

gross-tonne per rail grinding

gross-tonne per rail life

gross-tonne per tamping

KPI noise emission:

dB(A)max

dB(A)average

…

OR

Track access

charge

Cost per gross-

tonne-km

Bogie initial cost (percentage estimates)

Technology to be used Relationship with costs

New optimized lightweight materials and lightweight bogie design

Wheel/rail interface wear and track damage reduction Noise reduction Reduced energy consumption

Active or semi-active suspensions (lateral and vertical)

Wheel/rail interface wear reduction Comfort improvement Speed increase

Improved tilting systems Comfort improvement Speed increase

Improved passive steering (i.e. hydroelastic joints) and active steering systems

Wheel/rail interface wear and track damage reduction Noise reduction Reduced energy consumption

Optimized wheel profiles Wheel/rail interface wear and track damage reduction Noise reduction Reduced energy consumption

Sound absorbing materials Noise reduction

New sensors which use wireless technology etc.

Increase of the predictive maintenance operations Reduction of maintenance costs

Bogie innovations and costs (examples)

• Vehicle maintenance and renewal

• Energy usage

• Noise emission

• Track maintenance and renewal

Operation and maintenance costs studied

All costs as related to bogie design (and status)

Vehicle-Track Interaction Strategic Model

Source: RSSB and Network Rail

Simulation of wheel wear and RCF

Source: Babette Dirks, CM2015

Energy usage at train operation

• Rolling resistance (straight track), including bogie mass

• Curving resistance, including bogie mass

• Aerodynamic resistance

• (Traction and braking losses, including bogie mass)

• More and more trains have electricity meters on-board

• Otherwise simplified charging applies

Noise emission from passing trains

Sources

Emission

Noise-differentiated track access charge?

TSI Noise etc

Track maintenance and renewal

Integrated railways vs. Separated railways ?

Track maintenance and renewal

Track maintenance and renewal

Tare weight

Number of axles

Unsprung mass

Primary yaw stiffness

Maximum or operating speed of the vehicle

Seating capacity (passenger vehicles only)

Ride Force Count (freight vehicles only)

Operating weight (freight vehicles only).

Variable Usage Charge by Network Rail depends on the train’s:

Track maintenance and renewalTrack Charge according to Trafikverket’s Network Statement 2017:

• Modelling & simulation (wheel-rail damage, energy, noise)

• Case studies

• Validation against measurements

• Improved technical KPIs transformed to cost reductions

• Acceptance of UCM among rail stakeholders

Ongoing work in Roll2Rail WP4

• Fairly simple Excel software as the core

• Free open-access software

• Hosted by UNIFE, UIC etc?

• Continuous development and use in Shift2Rail

UCM model and software

Conclusions and further work

• A framework is being set up for the UCM

• Vehicle/bogie innovation and cost efficiency are emphasized

• All types of rail stakeholders support the UCM work

• Continuous UCM development in Roll2Rail and Shift2Rail

• Continuous application of UCM in Roll2Rail, Shift2Rail, etc

Questions/Comments?

Thank you for your attention!

Ride comfort?

Possibilities to use comfort improvement of improved running gear design.(1) Increase comfort with constant speed.(2) Increase speed on existing track to maintain comfort level.(3) Maintain comfort level on deteriorated track quality.