universal scale forms from indian classical music.final draft5rpschne/universal scale forms...

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UNIVERSAL SCALE FORMS FOR GUITAR FROM INDIAN CLASSICAL MUSIC Robert Schneider Dedicated to Tanner Olin Smith Listening to music from the 1960s and ‘70s, it seems like guitar and keyboard players had access to some very exotic musical scales, sort of at the intersection of scales from folk music, jazz, Indian music, blues and other forms—and informed by lysergic vision quests, no doubt. Like check out solos from the Byrds or Strawberry Alarm Clock or Piper at the Gates of Dawn, or for instance the electric sitar and organ solos on “Get Back” by Steely Dan. Those are crazy scales and I have no idea what the soloists were doing; it feels really mysterious like lost ancient knowledge. Looking in a similar direction, I offer here a method to build new musical scales on guitar, based on ideas from Hindustani (i.e. North Indian) classical music theory. The Western tradition of classical/folk/popular music mainly uses the major and minor scales, along with a few less common scales like harmonic minor. By contrast, Hindustani classical music uses 10 equally prominent scales, which include the Western major and minor scales (but not harmonic minor). These 7tone Indian scales (same number of tones per octave as Western scales) are called Thaat (sounds like “tot”), and are constructed by a special rule about how you flatten or sharpen tones. You begin with a major scale in any key, and alter certain tones to form new scales. Of the seven tones in the major scale octave, the root note and fifth are never altered, they are fixed tones. The second, third, sixth and seventh tones in the octave can be “flatted” (or not) but never raised. The fourth tone in the scale can be “sharped” (or not) but never lowered. The 10 classical Thaat arise from this construction. An easy calculation gives a total of 2 b = 32 different scales that can be built by this method. These include all the classical Indian and Western cases (including the harmonic minor scale), plus twenty or so other, new scales. The lefthand diagram below represents the guitar fretboard at any point on the neck, and can be used to map out these scales by filling in certain dots. The black and boldfacewhite circles represent the root and fifth tones, respectively, which are part of every scale. For the rest of the dots inside the oval blobs, one of each pair is selected for the scale. The second, color diagram gives a key to the way octaves repeat: oval blobs of the same color (note there are two different shades of blue) represent different octaves or fingerings of the same note, so blobs of the same color should have the same choices (first or second) of dots included in the scale... or you can just mark dots off however you like and not worry about different octaves having the same sequence of notes.

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Page 1: Universal Scale Forms From Indian Classical Music.Final draft5rpschne/Universal Scale Forms From...scale),plustwenty*or*so*other,new*scales.*Theleft_hand*diagrambelow*representsthe

UNIVERSAL  SCALE  FORMS  FOR  GUITAR  FROM  INDIAN  CLASSICAL  MUSIC  Robert  Schneider  

 Dedicated  to  Tanner  Olin  Smith  

 Listening  to  music  from  the  1960s  and  ‘70s,  it  seems  like  guitar  and  keyboard  players  had  access  to  some  very  exotic  musical  scales,  sort  of  at  the  intersection  of  scales  from  folk  music,  jazz,  Indian  music,  blues  and  other  forms—and  informed  by  lysergic  vision  quests,  no  doubt.  Like  check  out  solos  from  the  Byrds  or  Strawberry  Alarm  Clock  or  Piper  at  the  Gates  of  Dawn,  or  for  instance  the  electric  sitar  and  organ  solos  on  “Get  Back”  by  Steely  Dan.  Those  are  crazy  scales  and  I  have  no  idea  what  the  soloists  were  doing;   it   feels  really  mysterious   like   lost  ancient  knowledge.  Looking  in  a  similar  direction,  I  offer  here  a  method  to  build  new  musical  scales  on  guitar,  based  on  ideas  from  Hindustani  (i.e.  North  Indian)  classical  music  theory.      The  Western   tradition   of   classical/folk/popular  music  mainly   uses   the  major   and  minor  scales,  along  with  a  few  less  common  scales  like  harmonic  minor.  By  contrast,  Hindustani  classical  music   uses   10   equally   prominent   scales,   which   include   the  Western  major   and  minor  scales  (but  not  harmonic  minor).  These  7-­‐‑tone  Indian  scales  (same  number  of  tones  per  octave  as  Western  scales)  are  called  Thaat  (sounds  like  “tot”),  and  are  constructed  by  a  special  rule  about  how  you  flatten  or  sharpen  tones.  You  begin  with  a  major  scale  in  any  key,  and  alter  certain  tones  to  form  new  scales.  Of  the  seven  tones  in  the  major  scale  octave,  the  root  note  and  fifth  are  never  altered,  they  are  fixed  tones.  The  second,  third,  sixth  and  seventh  tones  in  the  octave  can  be  “flatted”  (or  not)  but  never  raised.  The  fourth  tone  in  the  scale  can  be  “sharped”  (or  not)  but  never  lowered.  The  10  classical  Thaat  arise  from  this  construction.      An  easy  calculation  gives  a  total  of  2b = 32  different  scales  that  can  be  built  by  this  method.  These   include   all   the   classical   Indian   and  Western   cases   (including   the   harmonic  minor  scale),   plus   twenty   or   so   other,   new   scales.   The   left-­‐‑hand   diagram   below   represents   the  guitar  fretboard  at  any  point  on  the  neck,  and  can  be  used  to  map  out  these  scales  by  filling  in   certain   dots.   The   black   and   boldface-­‐‑white   circles   represent   the   root   and   fifth   tones,  respectively,  which  are  part  of  every  scale.  For  the  rest  of  the  dots  inside  the  oval  blobs,  one  of  each  pair  is  selected  for  the  scale.  The  second,  color  diagram  gives  a  key  to  the  way  octaves  repeat:  oval  blobs  of  the  same  color  (note  there  are  two  different  shades  of  blue)  represent  different  octaves  or  fingerings  of  the  same  note,  so  blobs  of  the  same  color  should  have  the  same  choices  (first  or  second)  of  dots  included  in  the  scale...  or  you  can  just  mark  dots  off  however  you  like  and  not  worry  about  different  octaves  having  the  same  sequence  of  notes.    

                                                                                     

Page 2: Universal Scale Forms From Indian Classical Music.Final draft5rpschne/Universal Scale Forms From...scale),plustwenty*or*so*other,new*scales.*Theleft_hand*diagrambelow*representsthe

So  you  can  build  lots  of  interesting  scales  using  this  universal  template,  and  experiment  with  them  on   guitar—of   course,   the   scale   construction  principles   apply   to   any   instrument.  As  examples   of   what   these   diagrams   look   like,   here   are   the   ten   traditional   Thaat   and   an  additional  one  constructed  by  the  same  rules,  plus  a  few  blank  diagrams  for  new  scales:    

   Notice  that  Bilaval  Thaat  is  the  Western  major  scale,  Kafi  Thaat  is  the  minor  scale  and  New  Thaat  #1  is  the  harmonic  minor.  I  should  emphasize,  I’m  not  an  expert  on  Hindustani  music  theory—I   just   love   the   beautiful   music   of   India,   and   used   combinatorics   to   work   out  additional  scales  from  the  little  theory  I  do  know.  I  learned  about  the  classical  Thaat  in  a  few  music  lessons  with  Raj  Pandya,  a  renowned  Indian  musician  and  teacher  based  in  Kentucky.  Mr.  Pandya  greatly  expanded  my  understanding  of  music:  in  the  first  lesson,  he  spoke  of  the  universe  as  an  energy  field  rippling  with  life  and  creativity,  and  related  this  to  sound  waves  and   singing.   If   you   are   interested   to   learn   more,   there   are   many   good   resources   on  Hindustani  music;  for  instance,  check  out  The  Raga  Guide  CD  and  book  set  (Nimbus  Records).