Universidade de Lisboa

Helder CoelhoHelder CoelhoLabMAg e ICC, FCUL

50th AI anniversary!

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Fields of science

Cibernetics Computing Science Linguistics Cognitive Science Neurosciences Psychology Biology Philosophy Mathematics Physics Computer Science

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Alan M. Turing

He worked with Kurt Gödel, Alonzo Church, and John von Neumann about the decision problem, universal (Turing) machines, code breaking Enigma and the artificial brain.

1950: paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” and the Turing test. A first program for chess (1953).

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1956 Summer Conference

August 1955, “A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence” by J. McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester and C. E. Shannon.

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AI 10 Pioneers, 1956

John McCarthy Marvin Minsky Ray Solomonoff Oliver Selfridge Trenchard More Nathaniel Rochester Claude Shannon Arthur Samuel Allen Newell Herbert Simon

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Dartmouth, 50 years after

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Remembrance Ave

ECAI-88 MünchenECAI-88 München (C:Y. Kodratoff)

- First DAI Panel in Europe: H. Coelho, L. Steels,J. G. Ganaschia, E. Werner.

IJCAI-91 SydneyIJCAI-91 Sydney- M. Minsky against R. Brooks on the defense of

knowledge representation.

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Prizes

Nobel: Lederberg (1958), Simon (1978). Medalha Benjamin Franklin 2003: John McCarthy ACM Turing: Minsky (1969), McCarthy (1971), Newell e

Simon (1975), Sutherland (1988), Feigenbaum (1994), Kay (2003).

IJCAI: Geoffrey E. Hinton (2005), Raj Reddy (2005) Loebner: Rollo Carpenter com “Jabberwacky” (2005) DARPA: Sebastian Thrun e Stanley (2005). Allen Newell: Jack Minker (2005). Software System: Robert S. Boyer, Matt Kauffman e S.

Strother Moore (2005). MacArthur Genius Grant 2004: Daphne Koller. Xadrez 1997: Deep Blue II (IBM) Honda Prize: Raj Reddy (2005)

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Bets

Alan Turing (1950) test turn into the Loebner Prize (1995). Herbert Simon bet (1959) “in 10 years a AI

program would win against the world chess champion” took 38 years!

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DARPA Robot Race 2005

Autonomous cars along 212 km of Mojave desert in Nevada: Stanley wins against CMU.

Sebastian Thrun, Stanford University, wins followed by 3 CMU teams. Before, CMU surpassed MIT´s Rodney Brooks in the NASA challenge towards Mars.

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Look, Ma, no Hands!(John McCarthy)

From (RALPH, 1996)´s CMU to (STANLEY, 2005)´s Stanford University:

GPS MYCIN RALPH STANLEY ?general Goal-oriented Autonomy and Autonomy andresolution Planning Learning

Next targetsNext targets: Team work, Antecipation and Prevision, Individual power (direct action), Human level intelligenceHuman level intelligence

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Robot races

2005 DARPA Grand Challenge (Robot Race)

First European Land-Robot Trial, Germany(May 15, 2006)

Urban ChallengeUrban Challenge(Novembro, 2007)

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Big International Conferences

IJCAI2005: 30 Workshops and submitted 1330; acceptance rate 18%.

AAMAS05 with 29 Workshops. AAAI05: 14 Workshops. ECAI06 with 38 Workshops. EPIA05: 9 Workshops. IBERAMIA/SBIA06 with 7 Workshops.

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IJCAI-2005, Edinburgh

Machine Learning 22% Reasoning 18% Knowledge Representation 15% Constraint Satisfaction 12% Searching 7% Planning and Scheduling 6% Agents 5% Robotics 3% Philosophical Foundations NL Processing Perception and Vision Cognitive Modelling Knowledge Engineering Applications

hard core

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AI in the world

USA 30% United Kingdom 11% Germany 10% France 8% Japan 8% Canada 8% Italy 8%

Europe: > 37%

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Go international

Adoption of English language, open community and publication of Proceedings in Springer-Verlag:

Portugal 1989 (12 EPIAs) Spain 2003 (2 CAEPIAs) Brazil 1995 (5 SBIAs) Iberamia 1998 (4 IBERAMIAs)

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Books for education

(Feigenbaum e Feldman, 1963) Computers and Thought(Minsky, 1968) Semantic Information Processing(Michie, 1968) Machine Intelligence 3(Banerji, 1969) Theory of Problem Solving(Simon, 1969) The Sciences of the Artificial(Minsky e Papert, 1969) Perceptrons(Nilsson, 1971) Problem-Soving Methods in AI(Winograd, 1972) Understanding NL(Minsky, 1972) Computation, Finite and Infinite Machines(Newell e Simon, 1972) Human Problem Solving(Michie, 1974) On Machine Intelligence(Nilsson, 1980) Principles of AI(Winston, 1984) Artificial Intelligence

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Books for education

(Minsky, 1986) The Society of Mind(Genesereth e Nilsson, 1987) Logical Foundations of AI(Newell, 1990) Unified Theories of Cognition(Rich e Knight, 1991) Artificial Intelligence(Ginsberg, 1993) Essentials of AI(Russell e Norvig, 1995) AI A Modern Approach(Dean, Allen e Aloimonos, 1995) AI Theory and Practice(McCarthy, 1996) Defending AI Research(Nilsson, 1998) AI: A New Synthesis(Mitchell, 1997) Machine Intelligence(McDermott, 2001) Mind and Mechanism(Baum, 2004) What is Thought?

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Karl V. Karlstrom 2005 Prize

ACM selected Stuart J. Russell for Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award (2005) for his book “AI: A Modern Approach”.

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AI future

1992: Marvin Minsky vision about AIs

Influences=Problems Causes=Solutions

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Future

2001 Space Odissey´s Stanley Kulbrick (1968).Artificial Intelligence´s Steve Spielberg (2001).I, Robot´s Alex Proyas (2004).

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Space exploration

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Current applications 2005

RoboSoccer:

Intelligent surveillance in real time for urban traffic (cities and motorways):